Manzoor (Pharm D)

A Professional Pharmacist, a passionate blogger, and fountainhead of DrugsBank. You can learn more about Manzoor here

Tardyferon (Ferrous Sulfate): Uses, Side Effects, Dosage

Tardyferon is an iron supplement (ferrous sulfate (II) or ferric sulfate) and belongs to the class of compounds known as inorganic transition metal sulfates and it is used to treat or prevent low iron levels in the blood (for example, for anemia or during pregnancy). Iron is an important mineral that the body needs to make and keep red blood cells healthy. Iron (II) sulfate replaces the iron stores found in hemoglobin in red blood cells, myoglobin and other heme enzymes in the body. In addition, iron sulfate allows the transport of oxygen by hemoglobin. Most of the stored iron is bound to the ferritin protein. As it is transmitted to the body, Fe2 + iron is converted to Fe3 + by ceruloplasmin so that it can bind to the transferrin protein. Tardyferon should only be used during pregnancy if clearly necessary. You should talk to your doctor about the risks of taking iron sulfate during pregnancy. Iron sulphate enters the breast milk. You should talk to your doctor before taking this medicine while you are breast-feeding. Side effects of iron sulfate include: Constipation Diarrhea Vomiting Stomach pain Contact irritation Rare gastrointestinal bleeding Gastrointestinal irritation Rare gastrointestinal perforation Rare gastrointestinal obstruction Nausea Superficial tooth staining (oral solutions) Discoloration of the urine Before taking tardyferone Tell your doctor and pharmacist if you are allergic to ferric sulfate, or to any other part or ingredient of tardyferon. Ask your doctor or pharmacist. Pharmacist to get a list of ingredients. Tell your doctor if you are also taking Tardyferon with the following medications Cinoxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Demeclocycline, Doxycycline, Enoxacin Levofloxacin Lomefloxacin Methacycline, Minocycline, Nalidixic acid, Norfloxacin, Ofloxacin Oxytetracycline, Sparfloxacin or Tetracycline Tardyferon is contraindicated under the following conditions Increased body iron from the destruction of red blood cells Diverticulosis Iron metabolism disorder that causes increased iron storage Hemolytic anemia Ulcerated large intestine Gastric ulcer Several blood transfusions Problems with food through the esophagus Guidelines for the recommended daily intake of elemental iron (iron sulphate) Male adults 19 to 50 years of age should take 8 mg. diary Adult women 19 to 50 years of age should take 18 mg. diary Adults from 51 years should take eight mg. diary Pregnant women aged 14 to 50 years should take 30 mg. diary Women who breastfeed, aged 19 to 50, should take 9 mg. diary To treat iron deficiency anemia, the dose is higher: 50 mg. to 100 mg. of elemental iron per day in divided doses. Store this medicine in the container in which it is placed, sealed and out of the reach of children. Store at room temperature and away from heat and moisture. It is important to keep all medicines out of the reach of children.

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Arinac Forte Tablet: Uses, Side Effects, Dosage etc

Arinac Forte and Advil are the brand names for the combination of two drugs i.e., Ibuprofen and Pseudoephedrine. Ibuprofen is a propionic acid derivative, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug with anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic properties. It has fewer side effects than other NSAIDs, but its anti-inflammatory properties are weaker. Pseudoephedrine is an over-the-counter nasal decongestant for local application, but it can be used on the oral route, but its effect is not as good as Locally. Pseudoephedrine should be used with caution in diabetes, hypertension, hyperthyroidism, susceptibility to close-angle glaucoma, ischemic heart disease, and prostatic hypertrophy. Brand Names: Arenic Forte And Advil Manufacturer: Abbott LTD Active Ingredients of Arenic Forte Ibuprofen equal to 400 mg ibuprofen (NSAID) Pseudoephedrine HCL 60 mg Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs Active Ingredients Of Advil ibuprofen equal to 200 mg ibuprofen (NSAID) Pseudoephedrine HCL 30 mg Arinac Forte Uses Arinac Forte is used to treating inflammations as well as pain. Arinac Forte is used for Nasal Congestion. It acts as a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that controls hormones in the body, which cause pain and inflammation. It thus offers relief from several problems like A toothache, Fever and Pain Rheumatoid arthritis Osteoarthritis A Headache, Arthritis, Pain in the back, Other types of minor injuries and menstrual cramps. Mechanism Of Action Of Arinac Forte Arinac forte is the combination of Two Active Ingredients, i.e., Ibuprofen and Pseudoephedrine. Ibuprofen is a non-selective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase, an enzyme that interferes with the synthesis of prostaglandins via the metabolism of arachidonic acid. Its pharmacological effects are believed to be due to the inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), which reduces the synthesis of prostaglandins involved in mediating inflammation, pain, fever, and inflammation. ‘swelling. The antipyretic effects may be due to an impact on the hypothalamus leading to an increase in peripheral perfusion, vasodilation, and subsequent heat dissipation. Inhibition of COX-1 is thought to cause some side effects of ibuprofen, including gastrointestinal ulceration. Ibuprofen is administered as a racemic mixture. The R enantiomer undergoes a significant conversion to the S enantiomer in vivo. The S enantiomer is believed to be the most pharmacologically active enantiomer. Pseudoephedrine is an agonist of α- and β-adrenergic receptors. Activation of Beta-adrenergic receptors in the nasal mucosa causes vasoconstriction and reduces congestion. The activation of β-adrenoceptors relaxes the smooth bronchial musculature. Pseudoephedrine also acts on the norepinephrine transporter SLC6A2, which promotes the release of norepinephrine stored in the neuronal synapse. In addition to the drug-induced direct activation, this leads to the activation of postsynaptic adrenoceptors. Avoid Arinac Forte if- You are allergic to any substance that is present in Arinac Forte. You have recently had a bypass operation. You have heart disease and risk suffering from a stroke or heart attack. Even those who do not have heart problems are likely to suffer a stroke or a heart attack because of the prolonged use of Arinac Forte. Arinac forte Interaction Avoid this medicine with the following drugs as it may cause side effects or may decrease the impact of Arinac forte. Tell your healthcare provider about the various other medications and supplements you are using so that doctors can prevent drug interactions. Aspirin Corticosteroids Lithium drugs Methotrexate Quinolone antibiotics Cyclosporine Mifepristone Quinidine Selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) Cardiac glycosides Contraindications: Arenac Forte is Contraindicated in the case of Asthma, Coronary Artery Disease, And Gastrointestinal Bleeding. The chance is higher if you are 60 or older or taking anticoagulant drugs. Ibuprofen present in Arinac Forte May Causes Allergic Reactions Like hives, facial swelling, asthma (wheezing), shock, skin reddening, rash, and blisters. It is also Contraindicated in Pregnancy. Side Effects Related To Arinac Forte The most common side effects of using Arinac Forte are Stomach Upset, Heartburn, Nausea and Vomiting, Ringing or buzzing in the ears, and Nervousness. While Rare Side Effects Include Abdominal discomfort, Constipation, Decreased urine output, Yellow-coloured eyes or skin, Skin Rash, Loss of appetite, and Running Nose. Arinac Forte Dosage Arinac forte should be taken with food to avoid stomach upset. Use it as directed by your physician. Don’t exceed the recommended dose. Try to take it at a fixed time of the day to maintain a consistent level in the blood. The recommended dose of Arinac forte is one tablet every 4 hours, or use it when necessary. Don’t exceed 1200 mg daily. Related Articles Arthrozene Review: Is this Arthritis Supplement work?  Heal n Soothe Review: Is it worth it? Relief Factor Review: Is it worth it or a Scam? 

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Ciprofloxacin (Ciproxin): Uses, Side Effects, Dosage

Ciprofloxacin  (Brand Name: Ciproxin) belongs to a group of broad-spectrum antimicrobial drugs known as fluoroquinolones. It is the most active second-generation fluoroquinolone against a wide range of bacteria susceptible to Gram-negative aerobic rods, especially the Enterobacteriaceae Neisseria. [1] Ciprofloxacin is effective against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. It is active against susceptible strains of Staphylococcus aureus and is not effective against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Ciprofloxacin (Ciproxin) has excellent activity against gram-negative bacteria, but enterococci, Streptococcus group A, B, D and streptococcal viridans with moderate susceptibility to ciprofloxacin. It is also very effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M.Kansasii M.Fortuitum.If used alone is not effective against M. avium infections caused by M. avium infection. They must be combined with other tuberculosis drugs, rifampicin and ethambutol. Ciprofloxacin (Ciproxin Tablet) Other Brands: Novidat Manufactured By Sami Pharmaceutical Pvt Limited. Novidat is available in Dry Powder For Suspension. 125mg/5ml. Novidat Tablet 500mg. Novidat Injection 200 mg 1 Vialx100 mg. Mercip 500mg tablet manufactured By Merck. Ciprofloxacin (Ciproxin) works against a variety of infections, some of which are difficult to treat. It’s broad-spectrum, its oral effectiveness, and its good tolerability is often used to treat infections. Still, it should not be used for minor infections. or anaerobes are mainly causative. In severe cases, treatment by intravenous infusion may be initiated, then continue with the oral. Ciproxin is used to treat bacterial infections, for example: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) caused by certain bacteria such as E. coli. Cervical and urethral gonorrhoea due to Neisseria gonorrhoeae Typhoid Skin infections Bone infections Joint infections Uncomplicated acute cystitis Chronic bacterial prostatitis Meningitis Pulmonary or respiratory tract infections, for example, tuberculosis, lower respiratory tract infections, and chronic bronchitis) Pneumonia and sepsis caused by Yersinia pestis (Y. pestis). Infectious diarrhoea caused by E. coli, Campylobacter jejuni, and Shigella. Prophylaxis of Infections in neutropenic / cancer patients and other sensitive patients. Patients with anthrax with fever and low white blood cell count as well as intra-abdominal infections. Ciprofloxacin ( Ciproxin ) inhibits DNA synthesis in microorganisms by inhibiting the bacterial topoisomerase enzyme DNA (DNA gyrase). This prevents relaxation of the supercoiled DNA and thus prevents normal transcription and replication in the body. When we give the patient Ciprofloxacin (Ciproxin), ciprofloxacin enters into Bacteria through passive diffusion and approaches Topoisomerase enzyme. They bind to the enzyme’s DNA gyrase domain and block or inhibit it, so the other domain (nuclease) keeps on cutting the overtwisted DNA. Still, the Ligase point Can’t reseal it because of Ciprofloxacin (Ciproxin), and in the end, all the bacteria divided into fragments and bacterial death occur. Ciprofloxacin ( Ciproxin ) has a good safety profile, and side effects are present in only 10% of cases, but they are generally mild. Here are some of the side effects associated with the use of Ciproxin. Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhoea may occur. Ciprofloxacin may affect the clearance of theophylline and cause an increase in serum concentration. Headaches, insomnia, dizziness, liver problems and rashes can sometimes occur. Ciprofloxacin can cause tendonitis, which is a serious complication in adults and can cause tendon rupture. Although tendonitis rarely occurs (some cases have been reported), but is more common in elderly failure, renal failure, and renal failure in people with corticosteroids. Skin / Hypersensitivity are rashes, itching, photosensitivity, swelling of the lips, urination, and swelling. Serious skin reactions are rare. Ciprofloxacin use for long periods can lead to oral candidiasis or a new yeast infection such as white spots in the mouth, a change in vaginal discharge. It can destroy your beneficial bacteria, so you need to take probiotics to flourish your gut flora. One such product is synbiotic 365. Some medicines may affect the action of ciprofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin may affect other medicines you ingest. Many antacids, vitamins, and supplements containing magnesium, calcium, aluminium, iron or zinc can interfere with ciprofloxacin. Other over-the-counter medicines, including painkillers and fever medicines such as ibuprofen and naproxen, may also interact with ciprofloxacin. Ciprofloxacin can increase the effects of caffeine. If you are taking caffeine-containing drinks or over-the-counter medications that contain caffeine while you are taking ciprofloxacin, you may have some side effects of caffeine, such as nervousness, insomnia, or anxiety. You may not be able to take Ciprofloxacin if you also take the drug Theophylline to treat asthma and wheezing. Severe reactions such as heart attack decreased the ability to breathe, and seizures have occurred when people have taken these drugs together. Other drugs that interact with ciprofloxacin are: Anticoagulants like warfarin. Anticonvulsant drugs, including phenytoin. Certain antidepressants and drugs for the treatment of mental illnesses, such as clozapine. Caffeine-containing drugs The immunosuppressant cyclosporine. The muscle relaxant tizanidine Diuretics (water pills) Certain medications for an irregular heartbeat, such as amiodarone, disopyramide, and procainamide. The drug for arthritis methotrexate. A drug used to treat nausea, vomiting, heartburn, and reflux called metoclopramide. Type 2 diabetes drug Glyburide. Some nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen and naproxen. Ciprofloxacin during Pregnancy Ciprofloxacin Nursing Mothers This antibiotic is excreted in milk, and therefore it is best to avoid it while breastfeeding or consult your doctor before using this medicine if you are a nursing mother. Ciproxin in Pediatrics population Although it is effective in paediatrics still it is not a drug of choice because of adverse effects caused by this medicine.  Always consult your doctor before using any medicine. Ciprofloxacin Contraindications This drug is contraindicated in people with hypersensitivity to Ciprofloxacin or any other similar drugs in this group. Concomitant use of this drug with Tizanidine is contraindicated. The usual recommended dose for urinary tract infections in adults is 200 to 400 mg IV every 8 to 12 hours for 7 to 14 days, while the oral dose once 250 to 500 mg orally every 12 hours for 7 to 14 days. The usual adult dose for a soft tissue infection or skin is 400 mg IV every 8 to 12 hours, and orally 500 to 750 mg orally every 12 hours for 7 to 14 days. The usual adult dose for

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Whole Pharmacology Classification

Pharmacology is the study of how medicinal substances interact with living systems. Pharmacology is the study of drugs, their nature, their sources, and their properties, absorption, distribution, biotransformation, elimination, interactions, toxicology, and therapeutic applications. Pharmacology is the study of the body’s reaction to drugs or Pharmacology is the study of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of a drug. You can learn more Pharmacology ⇐here Here is a list of Pharmacology Classification of drugs which every pharmacist and medical student should know. We already have a shared pharmacology drug classification chart on our Facebook page many times. But here we will share some authentic classification from various Pharmacology books. The Following is a drug classification for nurses, doctors, and pharmacists. Pharmacology classification   1. Adrenergic Antagonists Further classified into a) Alpha Adrenergic Antagonists They can be classified into three groups; List of Drugs  Mainly Alpha 1 antagonists Prazosin Doxazosin Terazosin Tamsulosin Alfuzosin Indoramin Urapidil Mainly Alpha 2 Antagonists: Yohimbine Tolazoline Alpha 1 And Alpha 2 Antagonists: Phenoxybenzamine Phentolamine b) Beta-Adrenergic Antagonists Beta 1 And Beta 2 Antagonists Propranolol Pindolol Penbutolol Nadolol Carteolol Timolol Sotalol Mainly Beta 1 Antagonists Acebutolol Atenolol Alprenolol Betaxolol Celiprolol Metoprolol Esmolol Nebivolol 2. Adrenergic Agonists Direct action These drugs act directly on one or more adrenergic receptors. According to receptor selectivity, they are two types: Non-selective: drugs act on one or more receptors; these are: List of Drugs  Adrenaline (almost all adrenergic receptors). Noradrenaline (acts on α1, α2, β1). Isoprenaline (acts on β1, β2, β3). Dopamine (acts on α1, α2, β1, D1, D2). Selective: drugs which act on a single receptor only; these are further classified into List of Drugs α selective & β selective. α1 selective: Phenylephrine, Methoxamine, Midodrine, Oxymetazoline. α2 selective: α-Methyldopa, clonidine, brimonidine. β1 selective: Dobutamine. β2 selective: Salbutamol/Albuterol, Terbutaline, Salmeterol, Formoterol, Pirbuterol. [1] Indirect action List of Drugs  Amphetamines Cocaine Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) Tyramine Nicotine Caffeine Methylphenidate Mixed action Ephedrine Pseudoephedrine Pharmacology Classification 3. Cholinergic  Agonists Direct and indirect-acting Agonists List of Drugs 1. Direct Acting Agonist Drugs: Are further divided into two groups a. Choline Esters Acetylcholine Methacholine Carbachol Bethanechol b. Cholinomimetic alkaloids Muscarine Nicotine Pilocarpine Lobeline 2. Indirect Acting Drugs: List of Drugs  a. Reversibly Acting: Neostigmine Physostigmine Demecarium Pyridostigmine Ambenonium b. Irreversible Acting: Echothiophate Parathion Malathion Tetraethyl Pyrophosphate 4. Pharmacology Classification of Cholinergic Antagonists List of Drugs  Antimuscarinic agents Atropine Benztropine Biperiden Chlorpheniramine Dicyclomine Dimenhydrinate Diphenhydramine Doxepin Doxylamine Glycopyrrolate Ipratropium Orphenadrine Oxitropium Oxybutynin Propantheline bromide Tolterodine Tiotropium Trihexyphenidyl Scopolamine Solifenacin Tropicamide Antinicotinic agents Bupropion Dextromethorphan Doxacurium Hexamethonium Mecamylamine Tubocurarine Also, Read Pain & Inflammation Supplements Relief Factor Review: Does it Works Or a Scam? Arthrozene Review: Does This Joint Supplement Works? Heal n Soothe Review: Does it Work? 5. Pharmacology Classification of Antianginal Drugs List of Drugs  a) Organic Nitrates Nitroglycerin Isosorbide Dinitrate Isosorbide Mononitrate Amyl nitrite b) Calcium Channel Blockers List of Drugs  Further Divided Into 1. Dihydropyridine Nifedipine Nicardipine Amlodipine Nisoldipine Nitrendipine Nimodipine 2. Miscellaneous Drugs Verapamil Diltiazem Bepridil c) Beta-Blockers Further Divided Into 1. ß 1 + ß 2 Antagonists Propranolol Penbutolol Sotalol Pindolol Timolol 2. ß 1 Selective Antagonist Metoprolol Atenolol Esmolol Acebutolol Betaxolol 6. Drugs used in Congestive cardiac failure Drugs Used For Congestive Cardiac Failure are, 1) Drugs used to decrease preload: Diuretics Organic nitrate 2) Drugs which decrease afterload Hydralazine Minoxidil 3) Drugs which decrease both preload and afterload: Captopril Enalapril Lisinopril Fosinopril Quinapril 4) Positive inotropic drugs: They can be further divided into three groups; A. Cardiac glycosides: Digoxin Digitoxin Ouabain Lanatoside. 2) Phosphodiesterase inhibitors: Inamrinonone (Amrinone) Milrinone 3.Sympathomimetics: Dopamine Dobutamine Depoxamine Xamoterol 7. Pharmacology Classification  of Antiplatelet Drugs Antiplatelet List of drugs include: Anagrelide Aspirin clopidogrel prasugrel ticagrelor tirofiban vorapaxar dipyridamole 8.  Anticoagulant Drugs List of drugs in this class include: warfarin dabigatran edoxaban rivaroxaban apixaban Pharmacology drugs classification 9. Diuretics Thiazides diuretics List of Drugs  Chlorothiazide Chlorthalidone Indapamide Hydrochlorothiazide Methyclothiazide Metolazone Loop diuretics List of Drugs  Bumetanide Furosemide Ethacrynate Torsemide Potassium-sparing diuretics Amiloride hydrochloride spironolactone triamterene Related Article  Best Folding Mobility Scooters 20 Best Stethoscopes For Nurses And Doctors Capillus Laser Cap Review Nutrafol Review: Is it worth it? Zyrexin Review: Does it work and Is it Worth It? 10. Pharmacology Classification of Statins Statins that are approved for use in the U.S. include: List of Drugs  Atorvastatin Fluvastatin Lovastatin Pravastatin Rosuvastatin Simvastatin Pitavastatin 11.Thrombolytic Drug Thrombolytic List of Drugs  — include: Anistreplase Reteplase Streptokinase, kabikinase t-PA (class of drugs that includes Activase) TNKase (tenecteplase) Abbokinase, Kinlytic (rokinase) 12. Pharmacology Classification of Sedative Hypnotic 1. Sedative Anxiolytic Drugs  Benzodiazepines List of Drugs  Alprazolam Bromazepam Chlordiazepoxide Clonazepam Clorazepate Diazepam Flurazepam Lorazepam Oxazepam Temazepam Triazolam Barbiturates barbiturates include: Phenobarbital Mephobarbital Amobarbital sodium Butabarbital sodium Secobarbital sodium 2. Non Sedative  Buspirone Gepirone Ipsapirone Tandospirone 13. Antidepressants List of Drugs 1. Tricyclic Antidepressant Amitriptyline Amoxapine Desipramine Doxepin Imipramine Nortriptyline Protriptyline Trimipramine 2. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) Citalopram Escitalopram Paroxetine Fluoxetine Fluvoxamine Sertraline 3. Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) Desvenlafaxine Duloxetine Levomilnacipran Milnacipran Venlafaxine 4. Serotonin modulators and stimulators (SMS) Vilazodone Vortioxetine 5. Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (NRIs) Reboxetine Teniloxazine Viloxazine 6. Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors Isocarboxazid Phenelzine Selegiline Tranylcypromine 14. Antipsychotic Drugs Aripiprazole Asenapine Cariprazine Clozapine Lurasidone Olanzapine Quetiapine Risperidone Ziprasidone 15. Anti epileptic Drugs Absence seizures (including typical and atypical absences): List of Drugs Acetazolamide Clonazepam Ethosuximide Lamotrigine Sodium valproate Atonic seizures: Phenobarbital Phenytoin Primidone Sodium valproate Catamenial seizures (menstrual-related): Acetazolamide Clobazam Cluster seizures: Clobazam Episodic disorders: Acetazolamide Dravet syndrome (severe myoclonic epilepsy in infancy or SMEI): Stiripentol Focal (partial) seizures: Acetazolamide Carbamazepine Clobazam Clonazepam Eslicarbazepine acetate Gabapentin Lacosamide Lamotrigine Levetiracetam Oxcarbazepine Perampanel Phenobarbital Phenytoin Pregabalin Primidone Retigabine Sodium valproate Tiagabine Topiramate Vigabatrin Zonisamide Focal (partial) seizures with secondary generalisation: Gabapentin Lacosamide Levetiracetam Perampanel Phenobarbital Phenytoin Pregabalin Primidone Retigabine Sodium valproate Tiagabine Topiramate Vigabatrin Zonisamide Focal seizures with secondary generalised tonic clonic seizures: Carbamazepine Eslicarbazepine acetate Lamotrigine Oxcarbazepine Infantile spasms: Nitrazepam Sodium valproate Vigabatrin Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy (seizures related to): Levetiracetam Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (seizures related to): Lamotrigine Rufinamide Topiramate Myoclonic seizures: Clonazepam Ethosuximide Phenobarbital Phenytoin Primidone Piracetam Sodium valproate Tonic seizures: Phenobarbital Phenytoin Primidone Sodium valproate Tonic clonic seizures: Acetazolamide Carbamazepine Clobazam Clonazepam Eslicarbazepine acetate Lamotrigine Phenobarbital Phenytoin Primidone Sodium valproate Topiramate West Syndrome with Tuberous Sclerosis: Vigabatrin 16. Pharmacology drugs classification Anesthetic Drugs List of Drugs 

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Top 100 Extremely Important Pharmacology Mnemonics

Pharmacology mnemonics are various techniques that facilitate students to recall larger pieces of clinical information, particularly in the form of lists like characteristics, classification, side effects, benefits, stages, steps, parts, phases, etc. Pharmacology is the study of how drugs effects the body. It is the study of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. There are many types of mnemonics that work better like name mnemonics, model mnemonics, expression or word mnemonics, image mnemonics, etc. Pharmacology is a very vast subject, That’s why it’s very difficult to cover the whole subject but we have compiled a list of some very important Pharmacology Mnemonics in this article. Pharmacology Mnemonics helping students performs better in exams. In this article, we will highlight top 100 of the most important pharmacology mnemonics. Pharmacology Mnemonics Sulfonamides: common characteristics SULFA: S-Steven-Johnson syndrome U-Urine precipitation/ Useful for UTI L-Large spectrum F-Folic acids synthesis blocker A-Analog of PABA Diuretics: groups “Leak Over The CAN“: L-Loop diuretics O-Osmotics T-Thiazides C-Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors A-Aldosterone inhibitors N-Na (sodium) channel blockers Tuberculosis: treatment If you forget your TB drugs, you’ll die and might need a PRIEST“: P-Pyrazinamide R-Rifampin I-Isoniazid (INH) E-Ethambutol St-Streptomycin Aminoglycosides: common characteristics AMINO: A- Active Against Aerobic gram-negative M-echanism of resistance are Modifying enzymes I– Inhibit protein synthesis by binding to 30S subunit N- Nephrotoxic O- Ototoxic Femara (Letrozole)  Side Effects  Just Remember “FEMARA”  F–Fracture (Bone), Flushes (Hot)  E–Edema (Peripheral)  M–Memory impairment  A–Anxiety (Less Common)  R–Raised Sweating  A–Arterial thrombosis(very rare        6. Thalidomide: effect on cancer cells “Thalidomide Makes the blood vessels hide“: Use thalidomide to stop cancer cells from growing new blood vessels.        7. Carbamazepine (CBZ): use CBZ:         C-Cranial Nerve V (trigeminal) neuralgia         B-Bipolar disorder         Z-Zeisures        8. Warfarin: interactions              ACADEMIC QACS:          A-Amiodarone          C-Cimetidine          A-Aspirin          D-Dapsone          E-Erythromycin          M-Metronidazole          I-Indomethacin          C-Clofibrates          Q-Quinidine          A-Azapropazone          C-Ciprofloxacin          S-Statins       9. Morphine: side-effects MORPHINE:          M-Myosis          O-Out of it (sedation)          R-Respiratory depression          P-Pneumonia (aspiration)          H-Hypotension          I-Infrequency (constipation, urinary)          N-Nausea          E-Emesis      10. Tricyclic antidepressants (TCA):                side effects TCA’S:          T-Thrombocytopenia          C-Cardiac (arrhythmia, MI, stroke)          A-Anticholinergic (tachycardia, etc)          S-Seizures Corticosteroids: adverse side effects CUSHINGS BAD MD: C-Cataracts U-Up all night (sleep disturbances) S-Suppression of HPA axis H-Hypertension/ Buffalo Hump I-Infections N-Necrosis (avascular) G-Gain weight S-Striae B-Bone loss (osteoporosis) A-Acne D-Diabetes M-Myopathy, moon faces D-Depression and emotional changes Microtubules: drugs that act on microtubules. “The  MicroTubule Growth Voiding Chemicals”: T-Thiabendazole M-Mebendazole T-Taxol G-Griseofulvin V-Vincristine/ Vinblastine C-Colchicine BromoCRYPTine is a DOPamine agonist. Beta-blockers: members “The NEPAL Prime M-Minister”: T-Timolol N-Nadolol E-Esmolol P-Pindolol A-Atenolol L-Labetalol P-Propranolol M-Metoprolol Insulin: mixing regular insulin and NPH “Not Ready, Ready Now”: Air into NPH Air into Regular Draw up Regular Draw up NPH Parasympathetic vs. sympathetic neurotransmitters “No sympathy for a Pair of Aces”: Norepinephrine is secreted in by the Sympathetic nervous system while Acetylcholine is secreted in the Parasympathetic nervous system. Benzodiazepines: 3 members that undergo extrahepatic metabolism “Outside The Liver”: O-Oxazepam T-Temazepam L-Lorazepam These undergo extrahepatic metabolism and do not form active metabolites. Guanethidine: mechanism GuaNEthidine prevents NE (norepinephrine) release. Opioids: mu receptor effects “MD CARES“: M-Miosis D-Dependency C-Constipation A-Analgesics R-Respiratory depression E-Euphoria S-Sedation Adrenoceptors: the vasomotor function of alpha vs. beta ABCD: Alpha = Constrict. Beta = Dilate. Beta 1 selective blockers “BEAM ONE up, Scotty”: Beta 1 blockers: E-Esmolol A-Atenolol M-Metoprolol Atropine use: tachycardia or bradycardia “A goes with B“: Atropine used clinically to treat Bradycardia. Cancer drugs: time of action between DNA->mRNA ABCDEF: A-Alkylating agents B-Bleomycin C-Cisplatin D-Dactinomycin/ Doxorubicin E-Etoposide F-Flutamide and other steroids or their antagonists (eg tamoxifen, leuprolide) Busulfan: features ABCDEF: A-Alkylating agent B-Bone marrow suppression s/e C-CML indication D-Dark skin (hyperpigmentation) s/e E-Endocrine insufficiency (adrenal) s/e F-Fibrosis (pulmonary) s/e Tricyclic antidepressants: members worth knowing “I have to hide, the CIA is after me”: C-Clomipramine I-Imipramine A-Amitriptyline Torsades de Pointes: drugs causing APACHE: A-Amiodarone P-Procainamide A-Arsenium C-Cisapride H-Haloperidol E-Erythromycin Asthma drugs: leukotriene inhibitor action zAfirlukast: Antagonist of lipoxygenase zileuton: Inhibitor of LT receptor Propranolol and related ‘-olol’ drugs: usage “olol” is just two backward lower case b’s. Backward b’s stand for “beta-blocker”. · Beta-blockers include acebutolol, betaxolol, bisoprolol, oxprenolol, propranolol. Beta-blockers: B1 selective vs. B1-B2 non-selective A through N: B1 selective: Acebutolol, Atenolol, Esmolol, Metoprolol. O through Z: B1, B2 non-selective: Pindolol, Propanolol, Timolol. Antirheumatic agents (disease-modifying): members CHAMP: C-Cyclophosphamide H-Hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine A-Auranofin and other gold compounds M-Methotrexate P-Penicillamine HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins): side effects, contraindications, interactions HMG–CoA: · Side effects: H-Hepatotoxicity M-Myositis [aka rhabdomyolysis] · Contraindications: G-Girl during pregnancy/ Growing children · Interactions: C-Coumarin/ Cyclosporine Serotonin syndrome: components Causes HARM: H-Hyperthermia A-Autonomic instability (delirium) R-Rigidity M-Myoclonus Therapeutic index: formula TILE: TI = LD50 / ED50 Antiarrhythmics: class III members BIAS: B-Bretylium I-Ibutilide A-Amiodarone S-Sotalol Read, More Pharmacology Mnemonics 33-66 MAOIs: indications MAOI‘S: M-Melancholic [classic name for atypical depression] A-Anxiety O-Obesity disorders [anorexia, bulemia] I-Imagined illnesses [hypochondria] S-Social phobias K+ increasing agents K-BANK: K-K-sparing diuretic B-Beta blocker A-ACEI N-NSAID K-K supplement Ribavirin: indications RIBAvirin: R-RSV I-Influenza B A-Arenaviruses (Lassa, Bolivian, etc.) SIADH-inducing drugs ABCD: A-Analgesics: opioids, NSAIDs B-Barbiturates C-Cyclophosphamide/ Chlorpromazine/ Carbamazepine D-Diuretic (thiazide) Diuretics: thiazides: indications “CHIC to use thiazides”: C-CHF H-Hypertension I-Insipidous C-Calcium calculi Parkinsonism: drugs SALAD: S-Selegiline A-Anticholinenergics (trihexyphenidyl, benzhexol, orphenadrine) L-L-Dopa + peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor (carbidopa, benserazide) A-Amantadine D-Dopamine postsynaptic receptor agonists (bromocriptine, lisuride, pergolide) Thrombolytic agents USA: U-Urokinase S-Streptokinase A-Alteplase (tPA) Morphine: effects at mu receptor PEAR: P-Physical dependence E-Euphoria A-Analgesia R-Respiratory depression Morphine: effects MORPHINE: M-Miosis O-Orthostatic hypotension R-Respiratory depression P-Pain suppression H-Histamine release/ Hormonal alterations I-Increased ICT N-Nausea E-Euphoria S-Sedation Anticholinergic side effects “Know the ABCD’S of anticholinergic side effects”: A-Anorexia B-Blurry vision D-Constipation/ Confusion D-Dry Mouth D-Sedation/ Stasis of urine Antiarrhythmics: classification I to IV MBA College · In order of class I to IV: M-Membrane stabilizers (class I) B-Beta blockers A-Action potential widening agents C-Calcium channel blockers Teratogenic drugs “W/ TERATOgenic”: W-Warfarin T-Thalidomide E-Epileptic drugs: phenytoin, valproate, carbamazepine R-Retinoid A-ACE inhibitor T-Third element: lithium O-OCP and other hormones (eg danazol) Epilepsy types, drugs of choice “Military General Attacked Weary Fighters Pronouncing ‘Veni Vedi Veci’ After Crushing Enemies”: ·Epilepsy types: M-Myoclonic G-Grand

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Hepatitis C , Symptoms , Causes & Treatment

“Hepatitis” means inflammation of the liver. Toxins, certain drugs, some diseases, heavy alcohol use, and bacterial and viral infections can all cause hepatitis. Hepatitis is also the name of a family of viral infections that affect the liver; the most common types are Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, and Hepatitis C   Difference Among Hepatitis A, B, and C? Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, and Hepatitis C are diseases caused by three different viruses. Although each can cause similar symptoms, they have different modes of transmission and can affect the liver differently. Hepatitis A appears only as an acute or newly occurring infection and does not become chronic. People with Hepatitis A usually improve without treatment. Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C can also begin as acute infections, but in some people, the virus remains in the body, resulting in chronic disease and long-term liver problems. There are vaccines to prevent Hepatitis A and B; however, there is not one for Hepatitis C. If a person has had one type of viral hepatitis in the past, it is still possible to get the other types.   The hepatitis C virus infects the cells in your liver, causing inflammation (swelling and tenderness) and fibrosis. In people with chronic (long-term) hepatitis C infection, inflammation and fibrosis continue to spread. Over time, usually many years, this can lead to cirrhosis. Symptoms of Hepatitis C Hepatitis C affects people very differently – many people with it may have no symptoms at all and may never know they have the virus. There is often little or no relation between the seriousness of the symptoms and the damage to the liver. Symptoms are often hard to pin down and are frequently blamed on other problems. They can include: Mild to serious tiredness (fatigue) Anxiety Weight loss Loss of appetite Inability to tolerate alcohol Discomfort in the liver area (place your right hand over your lower right ribs and it will just about cover the area of your liver) Problems concentrating (‘brain fog’) Feeling sick Flu-like symptoms such as fever, chills, night sweats and headaches Yellow skin or eyes, called jaundice (this is very rare and is a sign of advanced disease or acute infection). Some of the symptoms may come and go. It is not unusual for people with hepatitis C to be diagnosed as having ME or chronic fatigue syndrome. Unfortunately, the liver does not start to complain until it is seriously damaged – often only then do people realise that there is anything wrong.   Causes hepatitis C infection Hepatitis C is caused by the hepatitis C virus. It is spread by contact with an infected person’s blood. You can get hepatitis C if: You share needles and other equipment used to inject illegal drugs. This is the most common way to get hepatitis C in the United States. You had a blood transfusion or organ transplant before 1992. As of 1992 in the United States, all donated blood and organs are screened for hepatitis C. You get a shot with a needle that has infected blood on it. This happens in some developing countries where they use needles more than once when giving shots. You get a tattoo or a piercing with a needle that has infected blood on it. This can happen if equipment isn’t cleaned properly after it is used.   Treating hepatitis C Hepatitis C can often be treated successfully by taking medicines for several weeks. If the infection is diagnosed in the early stages, known as acute hepatitis, treatment may not need to begin straight away. Instead, you may have another blood test after a few months to see if your body fights off the virus. If the infection continues for several months, known as chronic hepatitis, treatment will usually be recommended.   Your treatment plan Treatment for hepatitis C involves: Making lifestyle changes to help prevent further damage to your liver and reduce the risk of spreading the infection taking one or more medications to fight the virus You’ll normally need to take medication for 8 to 48 weeks. The length of time will depend on the exact medicines you’re taking and which version (strain) of the hepatitis C virus you have. Your doctor will advise you about this. There are six main strains of the virus. In the UK, the most common strains are known as genotype 1 and genotype 3. During treatment, you should have blood tests to check if your medication is working. If the test shows treatment is having little effect, it may be stopped as further treatment may be of little use. Lifestyle measures There are some things you can do to help limit any damage to your liver and prevent the infection spreading to others. These can include: Exercising regularly Eating a healthy and balanced diet Cutting out alcohol or limiting your intake Stopping smoking Keeping personal items, such as toothbrushes or razors, for your own use Not sharing any needles or syringes with others Hepatitis C medications Until relatively recently, treatment for chronic hepatitis C usually involved taking two main medicines: Pegylated interferon – a medication that encourages the immune system to attack the virus Ribavirin – an antiviral medication that stops the virus reproducing These medications were frequently just taken together, but now there are new hepatitis C medications that have been shown to make treatment more effective. In many cases, a combination of these newer medications may be taken without needing to take pegylated interferon and ribavirin as well. Read more about all these medications below. Pegylated interferon and ribavirin Pegylated interferon is usually taken as a weekly injection. You can be trained to inject yourself at home. It usually needs to be taken for up to 48 weeks, depending on your circumstances. Ribavirin is available as capsules, tablets or an oral solution. It’s normally taken twice a day with food. It needs to be taken alongside pegylated interferon for up to 48 weeks. For more information, see the National Institute

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Diuretics Classification With Furosemide Pharmacology

Diuretics Diuretics are Substances or drugs that are used to enhance or to modulate or to potentiate diuresis.OR Any agents or drugs that increase the volume of urine and any agents that increase the excretion of sodium (Na+) in the urine is called natriuretic or diuretics. Classification: (1)Thiazides diuretics chlorothiazide chlorthalidone indapamide hydrochlorothiazide methyclothiazide metolazone (2)Loop diuretics bumetanide furosemide ethacrynate torsemide (3)Potassium-sparing diuretics Amiloride hydrochloride spironolactone triamterene (4)Carbonic Anhydrase inhibitors: Acetazolamide Methazolamide. Furosemide: Also known as frusemide. Therapeutic Category: It is one of the loop diuretics One of the antihypertensive Drug of choice in pulmonary edema Drug of choice in generalized edema (Oedema related to myocardial infarction and Oedema related to liver cirrhosis. DOSAGE FORM & STRENGTHS: It is available in solution,tablets as well as injectable form Solution: 8,10 mg/ml Tablet:20 mg,40mg,80mg Injections:10 mg/ml,2ml. Commercial Product and Trade names: Frusemix 40mg (Abbot) Losix 20,40 mg (Aventus) Pharmacokinetics: After oral administration absorption is satisfying, more the  40-60% of the drug have absorption capability. The onset of action: In the case of solid dosage form, its onset of action is 30-60 minutes. Peak effect is 1-2 hours Time half: (T1/2) Almost 1 hour Protein Binding-More then  80% of the drug have the protien binding ability. Mechanism of action: As for the mechanism of action is a concern it is restricted to the loop of Henle and distilled part. it blocks Na-K+2cl- Cotransporter. Overall the drug is responsible to reinhabit the absorption of Na+, Cl-, Mg+ while on the other side responsible for excretion of H+and K+ ions by tubular secretions overall effect is reabsorption of various ions net result will decrease plasma volume, in other words, we can say it decreases peripheral resistance,venous return to heart, decrease diastolic blood pressure,so obviously there will decrease heart rate, cardiac output, and decrease systolic blood pressure.so loop diuretic has the ability to decrease diastolic blood pressure by direct pathway while systolic blood pressure by indirect pathway. Indications: 1)Acute pulmonary Oedema: It  is most commonly related to lung directly related to deoxygenated blood ,specially in condition like if a person is suffering from congestion of lungs so on one side it increases the quantity of deoxygenated blood towards lungs while on another side due to congestion leads to increase permeability at the level of endothelial cell so liquid portion will ooze out towards interstitial area which is responsible for pulmonary edema. By taking the support of loop diuretic peripheral resistance and venous return will decrease. this lead to decrease workload on the heart obviously the contractility of the heart will be decreased which in turn will decrease transportation toward lungs. 2)Generalized Oedema. Loop diuretic specially frusemide use in the generalized type of edema relating to some pathological conditions like CHF, tachycardia, and liver cirrhosis. 3)Hyperkalemia. Loop diuretic is used in hyperkalemia because it blocks Na-K+2cl- Cotransporter and block K+(Potassium) to go to the blood so potassium level in blood decreases. 4)Hypertension: Loop diuretic is used in hypertension in aged candidates while taking the support of strips management protocol for hypertension.also used to decrease Na+ intake,  Decrease alcohol consumption especially in pregnancy. Also used in hypermagnesemia and hypernatremia. Adverse effects:(ADR) Hypokalemia Hyperuricemia Hypocalcemia Hypomagnesemia Hyponatremia Systemic alkalosis Orthostatic hypotension Osteoporosis if used for a long time. Precautionary measurement: 1)Monitor for possible occurrence of blood dyscrasia and liver damage, monitor urine and blood pressure in diabetes. 2)Frequently monitor serum electrolyte 3)In case of lactating mother it crosses and excreted in milk so can affect the child. 4)In case of children may increase the incidence of patent ductus arteriosis in premature infant especially with respiratory distress. 5)Persons Showing hypersensitivity reactions towards sulphonamide can show allergic reaction to frusemide. 6)Renal function: If increasing azotemia and oliguria occur during treatment abruptly discontinue the drug. Drug interactions: 1)Interaction of other antihypertensive drugs with frusemide increase the effects of frusemide. If used with other antihypertensive agents then reduces the dose by at least 50%. 2)Frusemide Increase plasma lithium level and cause toxicity. 3)NSAIDs Decrease the effects of frusemide 4)Phenytoin may reduce the diuretic effect of frusemide. 4)Interaction of frusemide with thiazide diuretic can show the synergistic effect that may result in profound diuresis and serious electrolyte abnormalities.

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FDA approves new treatment for hepatitis c

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration on Thursday 03/08/2017  approved a new treatment for hepatitis c i.e Mavyret (glecaprevir and pibrentasvir) to treat All Major Strain Of Hepatitis C without cirrhosis (liver disease) or with mild liver disease, including patients with moderate to severe renal disorder and people who are on dialysis. The FDA granted approval of Mavyret to AbbVie inc.Mavyret joins a couple of other AbbVie new treatment for hepatitis C, one from Merck & Co and four from Gilead Sciences Inc. on the market. That gives doctors and patients more options, and insurers more leverage to wring discounts out of companies to cover the pricey drugs. Mavyret is the only 8-week duration treatment approved for all hepatitis C genotypes, Normal treatment length was previously 12 weeks or more. “This approval provides a shorter treatment duration for several patients, and also a treatment possibility certainly patients with genotype 1 infection, the foremost common HCV genotype within u.s., who weren’t successfully treated with different direct-acting antiviral treatments within the past,” said Edward Cox, M.D., director of the office of Antimicrobial products within the FDA’s Center for Drug Evaluation and research. Hepatitis C could be a viral illness that causes inflammation of the liver which will result in diminished liver function or liver failure. according to the Centers for disease control and prevention, an estimated 2.7 to 3.9 million individuals in the us have chronic HCV. Some patients who are suffering from chronic HCV infection over a few years could have jaundice (yellowish eyes or skin) and complications, like hemorrhage, fluid accumulation within the abdomen, infections, liver cancer, and death. There are a minimum of six distinct HCV genotypes, or strains, that are genetically distinct groups of the virus. Knowing the strain of the virus will facilitate inform treatment recommendations. or so 75 % of American citizens with HCV have genotype 1; 20-25 % have genotypes 2 or 3; and a small range of patients are infected with genotypes 4, 5 or 6. The safety and effectivity of Mavyret were evaluated throughout clinical trials enrolling or so 2,300 adults with genotype 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 HCV infection without liver disease or with mild liver disease. Results of the trials demonstrated that 92-100 % of patients who received Mavyret for eight, twelve or sixteen weeks duration had no virus detected within the blood 12 weeks after finishing treatment, suggesting that patients’ infection had been cured. New treatment for hepatitis c duration with Maigret differs depending on treatment history, viral genotype, and liver disease status. The most common adverse reactions in patients taking Mavyret were a Headache, Fatigue, and Nausea. Mavyret isn’t recommended in patients with moderate cirrhosis and contraindicated in patients with the severe liver disease. it’s additionally contraindicated in patients taking the medication atazanavir and rifampin. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation has been reported in HCV/HBV coinfected adult patients who were undergoing or had completed treatment with HCV direct-acting antivirals, and who weren’t receiving HBV antiviral therapy. HBV reactivation in patients treated with direct-acting antiviral medicines may end up in serious liver issues or death in some patients. Healthcare professionals should screen all patients for evidence of current or previous HBV infection before starting treatment with Mavyret. The Food and Drug Administration granted this application Priority Review and Breakthrough Therapy designations. Sources: FDA Press Release Related Article: FDA APPROVES NEW TREATMENT TO PREVENT BLEEDING IN HEMOPHILIA A

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Co amoxiclav:Uses, Side Effects, Mechanism,Dosage

Co-amoxiclav is a mixture Of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid. The first ingredient In co-amoxiclav is amoxicillin: a penicillin antibiotic that treats infection by killing the bacteria responsible for the infection. Some bacteria are able to produce a chemical that makes amoxicillin less effective. The second ingredient, clavulanic acid, stops this from happening. Clavulanic acid stops the chemical produced by the bacteria from working, and this allows amoxicillin to kill the bacteria. Co-amoxiclav Uses: Co-amoxiclav is used to treat infections caused by bacteria, such as the following: Ear, nose, or throat infections, eg sinusitis, tonsillitis, otitis media. Chest infections, e.g, pneumonia, bronchitis. Skin and soft tissue infections, eg cellulitis, animal bites. Urinary tract infections kidney infections, in particular recurrent cystitis. Dental abscesses. Bone or joint infections, eg osteomyelitis. Genital infections, including those following childbirth or abortion. Preventing infections following surgery (by injection). Abdominal infections, eg peritonitis. Pyelonephritis. Mechanism Of Action : Co-amoxiclav is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that kills a wide variety of bacteria that cause a wide variety of commonly-occurring infections. it has always been reserved for treating infections caused by bacteria that are immune to amoxicillin. Co-amoxiclav is a Combination of clavulanic acid And amoxicillin. Amoxicillin is a penicillin-type antibiotic, and clavulanic acid is a Drug that stops bacteria from inactivating the amoxicillin. Amoxicillin works by interfering with the ability of a bacterium to form cell walls. The cell walls of bacteria are important for their survival. They keep unwanted substances from coming into their cells and stop the contents of their cells from leaking out. Amoxil impairs the bonds that hold the bacterial cell wall together. this enables holes to appear within the cell walls and kills the bacterium. Certain bacteria are immune to penicillin-type antibiotics, and as a result, they have developed the power to produce defensive chemicals known as beta-lactamases. These interfere with the structure of penicillin-type antibiotics and stop them from operating. Clavulanic Acid is a semisynthetic beta-lactamase inhibitor isolated from Streptomyces that stops the bacterium from inactivating the amoxicillin, therefore increasing the range of bacterium that amoxicillin will kill. Co-amoxiclav Side Effects: Steven-Johnson Syndrome Hepatitis Exfoliative dermatitis Cholestatic Jaundice Headache Dizziness Convulsions With high dose. Co-amoxiclav Dosage Dose According To Weight Of Patient Adults and children ≥ 40 kg One 500 mg/125 mg dose is taken three times a day. Children < 40 kg 20 mg/5 mg/kg/day to 60 mg/15 mg/kg/day given in three divided doses. Doses According To the Age Of Patient Dosage for adults (including the elderly) and children over 12: The usual dose is 375mg three times a day, preferably every 8 hours, for a maximum of 14 days. For more severe infections: One 625mg tablet three times a day. For dental infections: The usual dose is 375mg three times a day, preferably every 8 hours, for 5 days. The dose for people with severe liver or kidney problems may be less than these doses. For Children 1 month to 1 one year Use 0.25ml/Kg of 125/31 suspension every 8 hours. If the infection is severe double the dose. For Ages 1-6 years Use 5ml of 125/31 suspension every 8 hours. For Ages, 6-12 use 5 ml of 250/62 suspension every 8 hours if the infection is severe double the dose. Neonates 0.25ml/Kg of 125/31 suspension every 8 hours Learn more about Medicine Brands

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Insulin Glargine: Uses, Side Effects, Dosage

Insulin glargine is a commonly used insulin analog for treating type 1 and type 2 diabetes. It has a longer duration of action, which allows for once-daily dosing, making it more convenient for patients. However, like any medication, insulin glargine has side effects, which need to be monitored closely by healthcare professionals. Highlights Insulin is a hormone that works by lowering glucose (sugar) levels in the blood. Insulin glargine is a long-acting insulin that starts to work several hours after injection and keeps working evenly for 24 hours. Insulin improves blood sugar control in adults and children with diabetes mellitus. Some brands of this medicine are for use only in adults. Carefully follow all instructions for the brand of insulin glargine you are using. Insulin is also used to treat type 1 diabetes in adults and children at least six years old. Insulin glargine is used to treat type 2 diabetes in adults. Insulin works the same way as natural human insulin, but its action lasts longer. It helps diabetic patients regulate glucose or sugar in the body. Insulin glargine promotes the movement of sugar from the blood into body tissues and stops sugar production in the liver. Insulin glargine is an artificial insulin that mimics the actions of human insulin. Insulin, marketed under the name Lantus, is a long-acting insulin analog, given once daily to help control the blood sugar level of those with diabetes. Mechanism Of Action Insulin glargine binds to the insulin receptor (IR), a heterotetrameric protein consisting of 2 extracellular alpha units and two transmembrane beta units. The binding of insulin to the alpha subunit of IR stimulates the tyrosine kinase activity intrinsic to the beta subunit of the receptor. The bound receptor autophosphorylates and phosphorylates numerous intracellular substrates like insulin receptor substrates (IRS) proteins, Cbl, APS, Shc, and gab 1. Activation of those proteins results in the activation of downstream signal molecules as well as PI3 kinase and Akt. Akt regulates the activity of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) and protein kinase C (PKC), which play essential roles in metabolism. Insulin glargine is soluble at pH 4, the pH of the administered solution, and has low solubility at physiological pH 7.4. Upon subcutaneous injection, the solution is neutralized, leading to the formation of micro precipitates. Small amounts of insulin glargine are released from micro precipitates giving the drug a comparatively constant concentration over a time profile over 24 hours with no pronounced peak. This release mechanism permits the drug to mimic basal hormone levels within the body. Side effects of Insulin Glargine One of insulin glargine’s most common side effects is hypoglycemia or low blood sugar. Hypoglycemia occurs when blood sugar levels drop too low, leading to sweating, shakiness, confusion, and even loss of consciousness. It is essential to monitor blood sugar levels regularly and adjust the insulin dosage as needed to avoid hypoglycemia. Another common side effect of insulin glargine is injection site pain. This can occur immediately after injection or develop over time with repeated injections. To reduce injection site pain, patients can rotate the injection site and use a fresh needle with each injection. In some cases, insulin glargine can cause water retention in the joints and weight gain. This is due to insulin’s role in promoting glucose uptake and storage in cells, increasing fat and water retention. Patients should monitor their weight and report any significant changes to their healthcare provider. Rarely some patients may develop an allergic reaction to insulin glargine. This can cause itching, irritation, redness, rash, or swelling at the injection site. In severe cases, patients may experience bronchospasm or low blood pressure. Any signs of an allergic reaction require immediate medical attention. Local allergic reactions that may occur at the injection sites are: Itching Irritation Redness Rash Long-term use of insulin glargine can lead to the thickening of fat tissues at the injection site. Severe allergic reactions are; Swelling under the skin Bronchospasm Very low blood pressure. Bottom Line Insulin glargine is an effective treatment option for diabetes but not without side effects. Patients should work closely with their healthcare provider to monitor their blood sugar levels, adjust their insulin dosage, and report any concerning symptoms. With proper management, insulin glargine can help patients achieve better blood sugar control and improve their overall health and quality of life. Learn more about different; Drugs and medicine Supplements

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