Manzoor (Pharm D)

A Professional Pharmacist, a passionate blogger, and fountainhead of DrugsBank. You can learn more about Manzoor here

Acid Reflux Or Heart Burn Home Remedies And Treatment

Acid Reflux Or HeartBurn This is also Called Gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD) And is associated with heart burn ,difficulty in swallowing,inflammation in esophagus,Ulcer may occur with acid reflux. Acid Reflux is basically used for the backward flow of stomach acid into the esophageal tube that connects the stomach and throat. There is a valve in the stomach entrance this valve is basically a ring of muscle called Lower esophageal Sphincter (LES).Normally this valve closes as soon as the food passes through it but in acid reflux disease this valve remain open for a long time which let the acid move up into the esophagus. Most common Risk factor for acid reflux disease : (a)Overweight or Obese (b)Lying Down Right after meal (c)Eating Large Meals (d)Eating certain food such as tomato,mint,onions,garlic,citrus,chocolate and other spicy foods. (e)Smoking (f)Taking Ibuprofen,aspirin and other muscle relaxers ,or BP medications. (g)Drinking certain beverages such as carbonated drinks ,alcohols and tea or cofee. Home remedies For HeartBurn Patient with acid relfux or GERD should be advised about life style changing,weight reduction ,Following are some of the home remedies which will help reduce stomach acid, (1)Chew Gum Chewing a piece of sugar free gum for 30 minute will reduce the acid in the stomach because of the production of saliva which dilute the acid present in the stomach. (2)Eat an Apple or a Banana : Slice an apple and eat it a couple of hours before bedtime to prevent discomfort another option is a banana .Banana contain natural antacid Which act as a buffer against heart burn . (3)Ginger Tea Ginger tea is believed to be one of the best home remedy for number of stomach problems from nausea to acid reflux disease.Sipping a cup of ginger tea about 20 minutes before a meal can help calm down your stomach acid. (4)Avoid Alcohol and Smoking Drinking alcohol and Smoking Cigarettes can set you up for a terrible reflux.Because alcohol and nicotine weaken your Lower esophageal Sphincter (LES) making it much easier for stomach contents to move up into your esophagus.So Quit smoking and alcohol will help ease your heartburn and irritation. (5)Eat Almond Eat some almond (3-4 almonds)after every meal and every time when you ingest something basically.Almond neutralize the juices in your stomach ,preventing and relieving heart burn. (6)Don’t Lie Down Its easy for the stomach acid to move backward when you are lying down on your bed.That is why heartburn tends to get worse at night .its very important to elevate your head about 6 inhes and try to avoid lying down atleast 3-4 hours after eating. (7)Use Baking Soda A teaspoon full of baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) can help relieve the burning sensation of heartburn caused by acid reflux.Baking soda has a PH of more than 7.0 which neutralizes stomach acid . Symptoms of heartburn (a)A burning sensation in chest,sometimes spreading to throat,along with a sour tase in mouth. (b)Dry cough (c)Chest Pain (d)Sore throat (e)Difficulty in swallowing (f)Sour Liquid or food particle (g)Bloating Treatment: For mild symptoms of acid reflux or heartburn (1)the initial management may include the use of antacid and alignates.Alignates form a raft that float on the surface of the stomach contents to reduce acid reflux and protect esophagus mucosa. (2)Histamine H2 receptor antagonist Like cemitidine ,famotidine ranitidine etc may relive the symptoms and reduce the use of antacid. (3)Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) PPIs Like Omeprazole,esomeprazole,lansoprazole and pantoprazole are more effective as compare to H2 receptor antagonist drugs for relievig symptoms. For Severe Symptoms of Acid Reflux or Heart Burn Symptoms Like esophageal ulceration,esophagitis and esophagopharnyngeal relfux the initial management involves the use of a proton pump inhibitors patient need to be reconsider if symptoms persist despite treatment for 4-6 weeks with a PPIs.When symptoms abate treatment is titrated down to a level which maintains remission.For example by reducing the dose of the proton pump inhibitor or by substituting treatmentwith a histamine H -receptor antagonist or by giving it intermittently). However,for endoscopically confirmed erosive, ulcerative, or stricturing disease, or Barrett’s oesophagus, treatment with a proton pump inhibitor usually needs to be maintained at the minimum effective dose.

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Foods That Can Affect Your Medications

  For most of us eating plenty of  fresh fruit, low-fat dairy,vegetables,Taking a cup of coffee, is good for health,But There are some drugs that interact with such foods and cause very severe  side effects. Here’s a list of  foods that Badly Interact with common medication.This is often a partial list; to be safe, ask your doctor and pharmacist concerning potential food interactions with any medication you’re taking. Additionally read the warnings in inserts that come with your prescription meds, and within the fine print on over-the-counter medication.   Grapefruit This citrus fruit changes the approach certain cells in your gut take in and move medication through your body — it will have an effect on more than 50 medicine. It will make some, like fexofenadine (Allegra) for allergies, less effective and make others too robust, as well as ones that lower your cholesterol like statin . Ginkgo Biloba Some individuals use this herb to assist with or prevent high blood pressure, ringing within the ears (tinnitus), dementia, and alternative conditions, however there’s no research that shows it does any of that. It will weaken the impact of medication used to control seizures, as well as carbamazepine (Carbatrol, Equetro, and Tegretol), and antiepileptic drug (Depakene, Depakote, and Stavzor). Vitamin K If you are taking the drug warfarin -used to treat and stop blood clots – bear in mind of how much vitamin k you are taking in. It will build the blood thinner less effective and place you at higher risk of a dangerous blood clot. Broccoli, brussels sprouts, kale, parsley, and spinach are a number of the foremost common foods high in vitamin k. attempt to eat a similar quantity of those foods a day therefore the level of warfarin in your blood stays the same. Bananas Don’t combine with ACE inhibitors like captopril (Capoten), enalapril (Vasotec), and lisinopril (Prinivil, Zestril), that are used to lower blood pressure or treat heart failure. additionally avoid mixing with certain diuretics, like triamterene (Dyrenium), used to reduce fluid retention and treat high blood pressure. ACE inhibitors and so-called “potassium sparing” diuretics will increase the number of potassium in your body. however an excessive amount of potassium will cause an irregular heartbeat and heart palpitations. therefore people that take those medicine ought to avoid massive amounts of food high in potassium, as well as bananas, oranges, green leafy vegetables, and salt substitutes like Morton lite Salt. Walnuts Don’t combine with Thyroid medicine like levothyroxine (Levothroid, Levoxyl, Synthroid). Because Walnuts, soybean flour, cottonseed meal, and high-fiber foods will stop your body from absorbing those medications. therefore if you eat a high-fiber diet, you would possibly want a higher dosage. One study found that the medicine were higher absorbed once taken at bedtime instead of a 30 minutes before breakfast, that is what’s usually suggested in the directions. Chocolate Dark chocolate specifically will weaken the results of medication meant to calm you down or cause you to sleep, like zolpidem tartrate (Ambien). It can also boost the ability of some stimulant medicine, like methylphenidate (Ritalin). And if you are taking an MAO inhibitor, used to treat depression, it will build your blood pressure dangerously high. Milk This dairy product will make it tougher for your body to process bound antibiotics. Minerals in milk like calcium and Mg are a part of the reason, along with the protein casein. If you’re taking antibiotics, ensure to find out about the foods or beverages you must keep one’s distance from.

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Most Useful Medical Pages & Groups on Facebook

With more than 2 billion month to month dynamic users, Facebook is a noteworthy player in the world of social networking. Organizations hoping to market utilizing Facebook have one Major apparatus available to them: the Facebook Page. With The Emergence Of Social Media Students Now Spend Most Of The Time On Internet Especially On Facebook.There Are Hundreds Of Thousand Of Medical Pages And Groups On Facebook Which Uploads Medical Contents On A Daily Basis.Students Often Find It Difficult To Search For More Authentic And Active Facebook Pages That’s Why We Are going To Make A List Of Most useful Medical pages on facebook. This List can diminish the measure of time you May spend chasing for particular Resources and may even give some unknown gems that will make your time in school more gainful. From medicinal libraries to restorative understudy online Pages, you will discover something to make your life somewhat easier. Following Are The best medical pages on facebook  Or Most Useful And Active Facebook Pages For Medical Students That Upload Free Medical Contents.Keep In Mind That This List Is On The Basis Of Total Number Of Active Users Plus Daily Activity Of A Page. Most useful Medical pages 1)WebMD 2)Medical Videos 3)Meddy Bear 4)Medical Talks 5)Medical-Online 6)Pharmacy Times 7)Medical Books 8)Harvard Medical School 9)DrugsBank 10)Daily Medical Cases 11)DrKnowledge 12)Medical Cases 13)PharmacologyMCQS 14)My Medical Wall 15)Anesthesia 16)CCU 17)Medrocket 18)Medical Information And MCQS By Dr. NM Noori 19)Medical Mnemonics (Memorizing Tips) 20)Research On Medical Apart From best medical pages on facebook ( Most Useful And Active Facebook Pages For Medical Students ) There Are Some Active Groups Of Medical Professionals Which Post Contents Related To Medical Fields. 21)Medical Case Consultation 22)Pharmacy Revised 23)Medical Group 24)AMC : Australian Medical Council MCQ Exams and More Please SHARE One Facebook Page Of Your Choice In Comment Section Which Is Missing Here.This will Help Other Professionals. Thanks  

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Antidotes List: Every Student Should Know

What are Antidotes? The Word Antidote Derived From A Greek Word “antididonai”  Which Means Give Against. Antidotes Definition: ”Antidotes are Any Substance which Is Used To oppose the effects of poisons without causing any damage to The body”. How The Poison Enter Into The Body? The Poison In Any Form may be taken in by the breath Or swallowed, Absorbed Through the thinner and more delicate mucous membranes, Or absorbed through the skin, or implanted by stings, bites, or other wounds. There Are A lot Of Antidotes In The Medical Field Today But Some Antidotes Are Very Important And Need To Be Remembered Because Of Their Frequent Use In The Emergency Situations.  Knowledge About Antidotes Is Very Important For All Medical Professionals Especially Those Who Are Working In Health Care Settings. Here Are Some Of The Types And List Of Very Important And Frequently Used Antidotes ; Types 1: Universal Antidotes : This type of antidote is Given when an unknown poison is ingested Composition: (1)  Powdered charcoal 2 parts (2)  Magnesium oxide 1 part (3)  Tannic Acid 1 Part 2: Chemical Antidotes : These substances neutralize the chemical action or oxidize the poison into a nontoxic or insoluble form eg: Dilute alkali(milk of magnesia) Dilute acetic acid, Potassium permanganate Tannin(strong tea). 3: Physiological or pharmacological Antidotes These produce effects opposite to that of poison eg: Naloxone for morphine, Atropine and oxime for organophosphorus poison, N-acetylcysteine for acetaminophen 4: Mechanical or physical Antidotes : These substances prevent the absorption of poison by their presence eg: Activated charcoal is used for strychnine. Emulcents(fats, oils, milk, egg albumin) are used for corrosive and irritant poisoning, Bulky food used for glass poisoning And mineral poisoning(dose 30-60 gms for children and 60-100gms for adults) 5: Chelating agents: These are substances which form chelates (nonionized complexes) with cations. These are mostly used in heavy metal poisoning eg: N-penicillamine for mercury, lead, copper BAL(dimercaprol) is used in heavy metal poisons EDTA is used in Arsenic, mercury, lead Versenate is used in Arsenic, mercury, and lead Desferrioxamine is used for iron. Important Antidotes List: [table id=5 /] Note: Patients with poisoning characteristics should normally be hospitalized. Patients who have taken delayed-action toxins should also be admitted, even if they appear to be well. The delayed-action poison includes aspirin, iron, a tricyclic antidepressant, paracetamol, and co-phenotropic. The effects of the modified release preparations are also delayed. Don’t Forget To Share   Read, more  

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How To treat Depression Naturally and Medically

Depression Also Called  major depressive disorder ; could be a common and serious medical health problem that negatively affects how you’re feeling, the way you think that and the way you act. luckily, it’s treatable. It causes feelings of unhappiness and/or a loss of interest in activities once enjoyed. It will cause a range of emotional and physical issues and may decrease a person’s ability to perform at work and at home. Research tells us that different factors contribute to the onset of depression, including genetics, grief or difficult life circumstances certain medical conditions, changes in hormone levels,stress,. Any of those factors alone or together will precipitate changes in brain chemistry that cause it’s several symptoms. According To WHO depression is one of the foremost disabling disorders in the world, affecting roughly one in 5 ladies and one in 10 men at some point in their life.   Symptoms Depression symptoms can vary from mild to severe and can include: Thoughts of death or suicide Difficulty thinking, concentrating or making decisions Loss of interest or pleasure in activities once enjoyed Changes in appetite — weight loss or gain unrelated to dieting Feeling sad or having a depressed mood Trouble sleeping or sleeping too much Loss of energy or increased fatigue Feeling worthless or guilty Increase in purposeless physical activity (e.g., hand-wringing or pacing) or slowed movements and speech (actions observable by others)   Types Of Depression And  How To Treat? There Are Three Types of Depression, 1)Mild Depression 2)Moderate Depression 3)Sever Depression .   1)Mild Depression : If Your Depression Is Mild One You Should  Wait And See For Atleast 2 Weeks That Whether Your Depression May Subside By Itself Or Not. Take Help Of Exercise Some Studies Have Shown That Exercise Is One of The Main Treatment For Depression . Antidepressant Drugs Should not be use routinely in mild type. 2)Moderate Depression : If You Have Been Diagnosed With Mild Or Moderate type Your Strategies Should Be Talking Therapy There are differing kinds of talking medical care for depression, as well as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and guidance. Your general practitioner will refer you for talking treatment, or in some elements of the country you would possibly be able to refer yourself. 3)Severe Depression: If Your condition Is Sever One The Controlling Strategies Should Be Antidepressant Drugs .There are approximately 30 type of Antidepressant drugs. Keep In Mind That These Drugs Should be Prescribed By A License Physician Or A Team Of Psychologists.   How To Treat Depression Naturally? 1)Be Socially Active: keep in regular contact with friends and family, or consider joining a class or group. Strong social networks cut back isolation, a key risk factor for this condition. Volunteering may be a marvelous way to get social support and facilitate others while additionally helping yourself. 2) Exercise: Exercise Is The Best Natural Remedy For Reducing Your Depression Daily About 30-60 Minutes Of Exercise will Be A Great Plus for Your Health Because Due To Exercise Your Body Release Different Hormones Like Serotonin And Endorphins, It Also Increase The Growth Of New Brain Cells . 3)Sleep Well: This condition will build it exhausting to induce enough shut-eye, and insufficient  sleep will make depression worse. 4)Try To Be Happy: According To Some Studies Feeling Happy May Increase Your Serotonins Level Which Will Make You Happy Low serotonin receptor function is related to poor mood, and high 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) levels are related to better mood. Basically, whereas low 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) could cause you to feel unhappy, feeling happy may additionally increase your 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin ) levels. It’s not clear that is more powerful, however a technique to extend 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin )may be through  psychotherapy strategies like cognitive behavioral medical care, meditation 5)Avoid Caffeine Which Decrease Level Of 5 hydroxytryptamine (Serotonin) 6)Never Avoid Meal Because This Will Stable Your Blood Sugar Which Reduce Mood Swing. Drugs That Are Used In Depression : 1.Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors: (SSRI) fluoxetine (Prozac, Sarafem) escitalopram (Lexapro) paroxetine (Paxil, Pexeva, Brisdelle) sertraline (Zoloft) trazodone (Oleptro) citalopram (Celexa) fluvoxamine (Luvox) 2.Serotonin & Nor epinephrine  Reuptake Inhibitors: (SNRI) These drugs include: duloxetine (Cymbalta) desvenlafaxine (Pristiq, Khedezla) venlafaxine (Effexor XR) levomilnacipran (Fetzima)   3)Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) TCAs include: desipramine (Norpramin) imipramine (Tofranil) amoxapine trimipramine (Surmontil) clomipramine (Anafranil) amitriptyline doxepin nortriptyline (Pamelor) protriptyline 4)Mono Amine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs) : Phenelzine (Nardil) Selegiline (Smsam) Isocarboxazid (Marplan) Tranylcyromine (Parnate)   Treatment Strategies : There’s very little to decide on among the various classes of antidepressant medication in terms of efficaciousness, therefore selection should be based on the person patient’s needs, together with the presence of concomitant illness, current clinical aid, suicide risk, and previous reaction to antidepressant therapy. because there may be an interval of 2 weeks before the antidepressant action takes place, electroconvulsive treatment can be required in extreme depression whilst delay is unsafe or intolerable. at some stage in the first few weeks of treatment, there’s an accelerated potential for agitation, anxiety, and suicidal ideation. SSRIs are higher tolerated and are safer in overdose than other classes of antidepressants and need to be considered first-line for treating depression. In patients with unstable angina or who have had a recent myocardial infarction, sertraline has been proven to be safe. Tricyclic antidepressants have comparable efficacy to SSRIs however are much more likely to be discontinued due to side- effects; toxicity in overdosage is likewise a problem. SSRIs are less sedating and have fewer antimuscarinic and cardiotoxic results than tricyclic antidepressants. MAOIs have dangerous interactions with some foods and drugs, and need to be reserved to be used by experts. although anxiety is frequently present in depressive illness (and can be the presenting symptom), the usage of an antipsychotic or an anxiolytic might also mask the genuine diagnosis. Anxiolytics or antipsychotic drugs have to consequently be used with warning in depression but they’re useful adjuncts in agitated patients. Augmenting antidepressants with antipsychotics under professional superintendence may additionally be important in patients who’ve depression with psychotic signs. Sources : BNF Lippincott Pharmacology Note:Treatment And Drugs Therapy Are Only For Medical Students And Professionals.Its Better To Consult Your Physician Before Starting Antidepressant Drugs  

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How To Treat Hypertension (Blood Pressure)?

Hypertension (high blood pressure) is outlined as having a blood pressure reading of over 140/90 mmHg over a number of weeks. Our blood pressures change all the time throughout the day, therefore your doctor is trying to make sure that your hypertensive reading isn’t simply a natural event. Hypertension Is The Leading Cause Of Cardiovascular Disease And In The United States Alone There Are More Then 75 Million People Have Hypertension. Lowering raised blood pressure decreases the risk of stroke, coronary events, heart failure, and renal impairment. Normal Blood Pressure According To Age: 1) Age 60 or more healthy Person Your BP treatment Goal Should be At least less than 150/90 mmHg 2) Age Less Than 60 years You need to control Your Blood Pressure In less than 140/90 mmHg. 3) Ideal Blood Pressure Is 120/80 mmHg. How To Control Blood Pressure With Out Using Medicines: If you have been diagnosed with high blood pressure, you can follow a few simple steps to learn how to change your lifestyle, your diet,to treat hypertension. 1) Changing Your Life Style: Reduce Smoking. Increase Exercise. Reduce Stress. 2) Changing Your Diet: Reduce Sodium Intake. Eat More Whole Grains. Increase Vegetable And Fruit Intake. Avoid Alcoholic Beverages. Control Sugar. Drugs Used In Hypertension: Diuretics Generic Brand Amiloride Midamor Cholrthalidone Hygroton Bumetonide Bumex Ethacrynic Acid Edecrin Furosemide Lasix Eplerenone Inspra Hydrochlorthiazide Microzide Indipamide Lozol Torsemide Demadex Spironolactone Aldactone   Angiotensin 2 Converting Enzyme Inhibitors   Generic Brand Candesartan Atacand Irbesartan Avapro Eprosartan Teveten Azilsartan Medoxomil Edarbi Losartan Coozar Olmesartan Benicar Valsartan Diovan Telmisartan Micardis ACE inhibitors Generic Brand Captopril Capoten Benzapril Lotensin Fosinopril Monopril Enalapril Vasotec Lisinopril Zestril Quinapril Accupril Moexipril Univasc Ramipril Altace Trandolapril Mavik Beta Blockers Generic Brands Atenolol Tenormin Acebutolol Sectral Bisoprolol Zebeta Betaxolol Kerlone Labetolol Trandate Carvedolol Coreg Nadolol Trandate Metoprolol Lopressor Pindolol Visken Penbutolol Levatol Alpha Blockers Generic Brand Doxazosin Cardura Prazosin Minipress Terazosin Hytrin Calcium Channel Blockers Generic Brands Nicardipine Cardene Isradipine Dynacirc CR Nifedipine Adalat Nisoldipine Sular Verapamil Calan,Isoptin Amlopdipine Norvasc Clevidipine Cleviprex Diltiazem Cardizem Felodipine Plendil Others Generic Brand Hydralazine Apresoline Clonidine Catapres Fenoldopam Corlopam Minoxidil Aldomet Nitroprusside Nitropress Minoxidil Loniten Treatment  Strategies for  hypertension /High Blood Pressure: A single antihypertensive is commonly inadequate in the management of high blood pressure, and extra antihypertensive medication is sometimes added in a step-wise manner until control is achieved. Unless it’s necessary to lower the pressure level urgently, an interval of at least four weeks should be allowed to see response; clinicians should guarantee antihypertensive drugs are titrated to the optimum or maximum tolerated dose at every step of treatment. Response to drug treatment could also be affected by age and ethnicity. Patients under 55 years: 1)  ACE inhibitor; if not tolerated, offer an angiotensin-II receptor antagonist. If both ACE inhibitors and angiotensin-II receptor antagonists are contraindicated or not tolerated, consider a beta-blocker; beta-blockers, especially when combined with a thiazide diuretic, should be avoided for the routine treatment of uncomplicated hypertension in patients with diabetes or at high risk of developing diabetes 2) ACE inhibitor or an angiotensin-II receptor antagonist in combination with a calcium-channel blocker. If a calcium-channel blocker is not tolerated or if there is evidence of, or a high risk of, Congestive heart failure, give a thiazide-related diuretic (e.g.indapamide or chlorthalidone). If a beta-blocker was given at Step 1, add a calcium channel blocker in preference to a thiazide- related diuretic (see Step 1) 3) ACE inhibitor or angiotensin-II receptor antagonist in combination with a calcium-channel blocker and a thiazide-related diuretic 4 (Resistant hypertension). Consider seeking specialist advice. Add low-dose spironolactone [unlicensed indication], or use high-dose thiazide related diuretic if plasma- potassium concentration More Than 4.5 mmol/liter . Monitor renal function and electrolytes. If additional diuretic therapy is contra-indicated, ineffective, or not tolerated, consider an a beta-blocker or alpha-blocker. Patients over 55 years: 1 . Calcium-channel blocker; if not tolerated or if there is evidence of, or a high risk of, heart failure, give a thiazide-related diuretic (e.g. chlortalidone or indapamide) 2 .ACE inhibitor or an angiotensin-II receptor antagonist in combination with a calcium-channel blocker and a thiazide-related diuretic. 3.(Resistant hypertension). Consider seeking specialist advice. Add low-dose spironolactone [unlicensed indication], or use high-dose thiazide related diuretic if plasma- potassium concentration More Than 4.5 mmol/liter . Monitor renal function and electrolytes. If additional diuretic therapy is contra-indicated, ineffective, or not tolerated, consider an a beta-blocker or alpha-blocker. Sources: British National Formulary (BNF) Lippincott Illustrated Reviews Pharmacology.

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Drugs To Avoid During Pregnancy: Critical Considerations

Medical experts strongly advise against the use of any medication during the first trimester of pregnancy. This precaution is crucial because this period is particularly susceptible to potential side effects, including birth defects and other undesired outcomes. Nevertheless, there are situations where medication may be necessary, in which case it is imperative to consult your physician. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), along with their diligent research teams, thoroughly assesses the effects of each medication on pregnant women before it is approved for market release. While the following is a list of medicines that should be avoided during pregnancy, it is important to note that this list may not be exhaustive, as there are numerous other drugs that can pose significant risks to women. Therefore, it is always advisable to discuss any medication with your doctor before using it if you are pregnant. 1) Antibiotics Drugs to avoid during pregnancy Fluoroquinolones (such as ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, levofloxacin, and norfloxacin) Nitrofurantoin Streptomycin Sulfonamides (such as sulfasalazine and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole) Tetracycline ⇒Abnormalities Caused By These Drugs Possibility of bone and joint abnormalities (seen only in animals) 2) Anticonvulsants drugs to avoid during pregnancy Carbamazepine Phenobarbital Phenytoin Valproate ⇒Abnormalities Caused By These Drugs Bleeding problems in the newborn. This Problem Can be prevented by Taking Vitamin K Orally 30 Days Before Delivery Cause Risk of birth defects, including neural tube defects (such as spina bifida) Valproate Cause Some (1%) risk of birth defects, including neural tube defects (such as a meningomyelocele), cleft palate, and defects of the face,  the heart, skull, limbs, and  spine 3) Antihypertensives Drugs to avoid during pregnancy a) Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors Captopril Benazepril Fosinopril Enalapril Lisinopril Quinapril Ramipril Trandolapril Perindopril ⇒ Abnormalities Caused By These Drugs: Serious Injury To The Fetus, May Cause Kidney Damage In The Fetus, Reduce Amniotic Fluid, Also Cause Defects Of Lungs, Face and Limbs b) Calcium Channel Blockers Isradipine Nisoldipine Amlodipine Verapamil Nifedipine (sustained-release only) Diltiazem(sustained-release only) Nicardipine Felodipine ⇒ Abnormalities Caused By CCB: Fluid retention in the ankles, Dizziness, headache, flushing, heartburn, an abnormally fast heart rate (tachycardia), and enlarged gums. Verapamil also caused Constipation. c) Beta-Blockers drugs to avoid during pregnancy Atenolol Bisoprolol Metoprolol Acebutolol Nadolol Penbutolol Propranolol Betaxolol Carteolol Timolol Nebivolol Pindolol ⇒ Problems Caused By Beta-Blockers: Beta-Blockers Caused Slow Growth Rate In The Fetus and Also Cause Low Level Of Blood Sugar And Low Heart Rate. d) Thiazide Diuretics drugs to avoid during pregnancy Chlorothiazide Bendroflumethiazide Hydroflumethiazide Chlorthalidone Hydrochlorothiazide Methyclothiazide Metolazone Indapamide ⇒ Problems Caused By Diuretics: Taking Thiazide Diuretics During Pregnancy Will Cause Decrease In The Level Of oxygen, Potassium Sodium. Also, Decrease the number of  Platelets  In The Fetus. Inadequate Growth Before Birth. 4) Antianxiety drugs to avoid during pregnancy Diazepam ⇒ Abnormalities Caused By Diazepam : When This Drug Is Taken In The Third Trimester Of Pregnancy It causes irritability, exaggerated reflexes in the newborn depression, and shaking. 5) Mood-stabilizing drugs to avoid during pregnancy Lithium ⇒ Abnormalities: Poor feeding, Lethargy, reduced muscle tone, nephrogenic diabetes insipidus in the newborn, And under activity of the thyroid gland. 6) Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) Naproxen Ibuprofen Aspirin and other salicylates ⇒ Problems Or Abnormalities : When the medication is taken in large doses, probably miscarriages during the first trimester, a delay within the begin of labor, premature closing of the connection between the aorta and artery to the lungs (ductus arteriosus), jaundice, necrotizing enterocolitis (damage to the liner of the intestine), and (occasionally) brain injury within the fetus and bleeding issues within the woman throughout and after delivery and/or within the newborn When the medication is taken late in pregnancy, a decrease in the amount of fluid around the developing fetus. 7)Sex Hormones: Synthetic progestins (but not the low doses used in oral contraceptives) Danazol (When Synthetic Progestin And Danazol  are taken In The early stages Of pregnancy, masculinization of a female fetus’s genitals, sometimes requiring surgery for correction) Diethylstilbestrol (DES) (Abnormalities of the penis in sons. Abnormalities of the uterus, an increased risk of vaginal cancer, menstrual problems, and complications during pregnancy in daughters) 8)Vaccines: Vaccines for polio, measles, mumps or yellow fever This Vaccine causes Potential infection of the placenta and developing a fetus. Vaccine for chickenpox (varicella) and rubella. This Is Associated With Unknow Risks. 9)Drugs Used In Skin Treatment: Isotretinoin Etretinate ⇒ Problems: Both Of These Drugs Cause Birth defects, such as small ears,  heart defects, and hydrocephalus. While Isotretinoin Also Cause  Intellectual disability And Risk of miscarriage. 10) Oral and diabetic drugs to avoid during pregnancy Metformin Glyburide Tolbutamide Chlorpropamide ⇒ Problems/Abnormalities Caused By These Drugs : Inadequate control of diabetes in pregnant women when a Pregnant woman with type 2 diabetes Take The Drugs, the possibility of increased risk of miscarriage Is More. Also, Cause a  very low blood sugar level in the newborn. Read, more Neuriva Brain Performance Review (Is it worth it?) Prevagen Review: Does this nootropic work? Zyrexin Review: Ingredients, dose,  side effects etc More about Different Drugs And Medicines

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Drugs Used For Congestive Cardiac Failure/Heart Failure (chf medications)

To understand how chf medications work we have to first understand the normal physiology of heart.what happens to failing heart and what are the natural ways to avoid heart failure .We will also highlight some chf medications and possible management proctocols . Cardiac/Heart Failure : In Congestive Cardiac/Heart failure the heart fails to supply enough blood to the tissues due to decrease in cardiac out put.cardiac output depends upon the following four factors; 1)Preload 2)After load 3)Force Of heart contractility 4)Heart rate Preload: It can be defined as the volume of blood which flows into the heart and causes its stretch.stretching of the heart upto a certain point increases its force of contraction,as is explained by the frank starling law.thus increase in blood flow to the heart will increase its force of contraction upto a certain limit.beyond this point further increase in blood volume will lead to failure of the heart.a common example of this type of heart failure occurs in case of valvular incompetence. Afterload: It is the resistance offerd by the arterial system to the left ventricular contraction.increase in the arterial resistance causes the left ventricle to contract with more force.This out put load on the left ventricle and it is hypertrophied and thus ultimately fails.A common example of this occurs in chronic hypertension.here increase in arterial resistance causes decrease in systolic blood flow to kidney and other organs of the body.Decrease in renal blood flow leads to stimulation of renin secretion that causes formation of angiotensin 2.Angiotnesin 2 causes generalised vasoconstriction and increased release of aldosterone.Aldosterone causes retention of salt and water in the body by increasing their reabsoprtion from the distal renal tubules.this results in increase in the blood volume that further increase load on the heart.ultimately heart failure occurs. Cardiac contractility: Weaknes of the myocardium of the right and left ventricle will lead to decrease force of their contraction.coronary artery disease may lead to chronic right or left ventricle failure.acute myocardial infarction may lead to acute right or left ventricular failure. Heart rate : Any factor which decrease the force of contraction of the left ventricle will lead to decrease in cardiac output.This will cause relfex sympathetic nervous system stimulation,causing increase in the heart rate. chf medications are used to control these four factors which ultimately decrease the chances of heart failure . SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF CARDIAC FAILURE: 1)Tachycardia 2)Shortness of breath 3)Decrease in exercise tolerence 4)Pulmonary oedema 5)Cardiomegaly 6)Peripheral oedema Classification Of chf medications: Drugs Used For Congestive Cardiac Failure or chf medications are , 1)Drugs used to decrease preload: A)Diuretics B)organic nitrate 2)Drugs which decrease after load A)Hydralazine B)Minoxidil 3)Drugs which decrease both preload and afterload: A)Captopril B)Enalapril C)Lisinopril D)Fosinopril E)Quinapril 4)Positive ionotropic drugs: They can be further divided into three groups; 1)Cardiac glycosides: A)Digoxin B)Digitoxin C)Ouabin D)Lanatoside. 2)Phosphodiestrase inhibitors: A)inamrinonone (Amrinone) B)Milrinone 3)Sympathomimetics: A)Dopamine B)Dobutamine C)Depoxamine D)Xamoterol How to Manage Chronic Heart Failure: Following steps should be taken for the managment of chronic heart failure: 1)Rest-Physical activity should be avoided 2)Hypertension and other underlying conditions should be treated. 3)Reduce weight if overweighted. 4)Reduce salt in diet. 5)Mild cardiac failure can be treated with diuretics for example frusemide in order to prevent K+ Loss amiloride or another K+ Sparing diuretic can be used with frusemide or other loop diuretics. 6)If cardiac failure is not controlled with diuretics then angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors can be used,provided there is no hyptension.if hypotension is present then organic nitrates cannbe used. 7)Digoxin or other cardiac glycoside can be used if heart failure is not adequately controlled by the above methods. How to manage Acute Ventricular Failure: 1)Patient should be put to complete bed rest.in severe left ventricular failure,legs should be kept dependent (Hanging from the bed)to reduce venous return from the legs. 2)A loop diuretic ,such as frusemide,should be given intravenously to produce dilatationof viens and later on diuresis.40-80 mg of frusemide can be given.Morphine can also be given intravenously to produce vasodilation as well as to reduce anxiety of the patient. Related Article: Important Information About Digoxin

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Top 50 Important Drugs and Their Side Effects

Nearly All Drugs Both OTC And Prescription Drugs Have Some Kind Of Undesirable Side effects From simple Muscle Pain to Death .Whether they are the simple drug like aspirin to the most sophisticated drugs In the Market , All Drugs Come With Some Minor Or serious Side Effects.Nearly All Drugs Can cause Nausea,Vomiting And For Drugs Used On Skin Will Cause Irritation. Following Are Some Of The Most Commonly Used Drugs And Their Side Effects . 1.Ampicillin- Hypersensitivity 2. Amphotericin.B- Nephrotoxicity 3. Androgen- Virilization 4. Antipsychotics- Sedation, Orthostatic hypotension, Tardive dyskinesia 5. Anti- TB- Hepatotoxicity 6. Aspirin (cox-I Inhibitors)- Hepatotoxicity 7. ACE Inhibitors- Dry Cough 8. Atropine – Dryness of mouth, Blurred vision, Constipation 9. Chlorambucil- Alopecia 10.Celecoxib,Valdecoxib (cox-II Inhibitors)-cardio and Hepatotoxicity 11.Chloroquine – Phototoxicity 12.Chloramphenicol- Grey baby syndrome, Bone   marrow depression 13. Ciprofloxacin – Phototoxicity 14. Clofazimine- Pigmentation of skin, Discoloration of Urine 15. Clozapine – Agranulocytosis 16. Erythromyicin- Cholestatic Juandice 17. Ethambutol – Optic Neuritis, Retrobulbular Neuritis 18. Hydrochlorthiazide- Hypokalamia 19. Isoniazid – Peripheral Neurtis 20. Metronidazole- Disulfiram like reaction 21. Minoxidil- Hirsutism 22. Morphine- Constipation 23. Nimesulide – Hepatotoxicity 24. Nitrogen Mustard- Bone marrow depression 25. Nitroglycerin- Palpitation 26. Penicillin. G- Jarisch Heximer Reaction 27. Phenformin- Lactic acidosis, GI disturbance, Metalic taste 28. Phenytoin- Hirsutism 29. Quinidine- Cinchonism 30. Quinine Sulphate- Black Water Fever 31. Repaglinide- Althralgia 32. Rosaglitazone- Anemia,Weight gain 33. Sitagliptin- Coldness 34. Spironolactone- Hyperkalamia 35. Cimetidine- Gynacomastia 37. Sulfonyl Ureas derivatives- Bone marrow depression 38. Terfenadine- Type-I arrhythmia 39. Tetracyclines- Discoloration of teeth 40. Thalidomide- Phocomelia 41.Impotericin B – injection site reactions (pain, swelling, irritation),fever,shaking,chills,flushing, shortness of breat. 42.Lipitor-Joint Pain 43.Benzodiazepines – Drowsiness.,Confusion.,Dizziness.,Blurred vision. 44.Beta Blockers – Shortness of breath,Stomach Upset, Fatigue .Erectile Dysfunction. 45.Paracetamol-Liver Toxicity 46.Glucophage (Metformin)-Megaloblastic Anemia and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. 47.Albuterol-Tremors,Chest Pain ,Bronchospasm. 48.Clonidine -Drowsiness. 49.Esomeprazole-Stomach Cramps, Gas, Diarrhea. 50.Insulin Glargin-Low Blood Sugar

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Top 100 Drugs Of Choice For Different Diseases

In the world of medicine, the term “drug of choice” holds two distinct meanings: one refers to an illicit substance that individuals may become addicted to, while the other pertains to the primary pharmaceutical treatment for a specific medical condition. This comprehensive guide will focus on the latter, providing a meticulously curated list of drugs that serve as the first-line treatment for a wide range of diseases. Our selection is based on scientific research and expert recommendations. We have divided these drugs into several categories, each tailored to address unique medical needs. Category 1: Drugs of Choice During Pregnancy During pregnancy, choosing the proper medication is crucial for the health of both the mother and the baby. Here are the drugs of choice for various conditions during pregnancy: Chloroquine: The preferred treatment for malaria during pregnancy. [1] Alpha-Methyldopa: An essential drug for managing hypertension during pregnancy. Heparin: Used for anticoagulation to prevent blood clot formation in pregnant women. Labetalol: A go-to option to manage hypertensive crises in expectant mothers. Acetaminophen: The analgesic drug of choice. Phenobarbitone: Prescribed for epilepsy in pregnant women. Doxylamine & Pyridoxine: Effective for managing nausea during pregnancy. Category 2: Drugs of Choice for Infections Infections require targeted treatment to ensure a swift recovery and prevent complications. Here are the drugs of choice for various infectious conditions: Penicillin G: A primary choice for septicemia, meningitis, pericarditis, endocarditis, and severe pneumonia. Ampicillin: Ideal for treating Listeria and Enterococcus faecalis infections. Vancomycin: The top pick for MRSA, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, and Enterococcus faecium infections. Erythromycin: Recommended for Corynebacterium infections. Doxycycline: Effective against Bacillus anthracis, Borrelia burgdorferi, Chlamydia, and Rickettsiae. Cotrimoxazole: The drug of choice for Nocardia infections. Azithromycin: Preferable for Hemophilus ducreyi and Mycoplasma infections. Ceftriaxone: Used to combat Proteus, E. coli, and Salmonella infections. Ciprofloxacin (Ciproxin): The go-to choice for urinary tract infections. Alternative options include nitrofurantoin, oral cephalosporins, or fosfomycin. [2] Metronidazole: An effective treatment for Trichomonas vaginalis and bacterial infections, including antibiotic-associated colitis. Ceftazidime: A trusted option for Burkholderia pseudomallei infections. Category 3: Drugs of Choice for Seizures Managing seizures requires precise drug selection. Here are the drugs of choice for different types of seizures: Valproate: Effective for tonic seizures, absence seizures, grand mal (GTCS), clonic seizures, atonic seizures, and myoclonic seizures. [4] Carbamazepine: Recommended for partial seizures. Vigabatrin: The drug of choice for infantile spasms with tuberous sclerosis. ACTH: An essential treatment for infantile spasms. Lorazepam (IV): Used to manage status epilepticus. Diazepam: Ideal for treating febrile seizures. Magnesium Sulfate: The preferred option for seizures in eclampsia. Category 4: Drugs of Choice for Poisoning Swift and appropriate intervention is crucial in cases of poisoning. Here are the drugs of choice for various poisoning scenarios: Physostigmine: The drug of choice for atropine, belladonna, and datura poisoning. Atropine: Essential in carbamate poisoning, early mushroom poisoning, and organophosphate poisoning. Flumazenil: An antidote for benzodiazepine poisoning. Acetylcysteine: Used to counteract acetaminophen poisoning. Naloxone: The primary choice for opioid poisoning. Deferiprone: Prescribed for chronic iron poisoning. Desferrioxamine: Effective in cases of acute iron poisoning. Glucagon: A lifesaver in beta-blocker poisoning. Amyl Nitrate: Recommended for cyanide poisoning. Category 5: Drugs of Choice for Bronchial Asthma Asthma management necessitates tailored approaches. Here are the drugs of choice for various asthma conditions: Salbutamol: The drug of choice for acute asthma attacks in normal patients and pregnant women. It is also effective for exercise and aspirin-induced asthma attacks. Ipratropium: Preferred for acute asthma attacks during labor and in patients on beta-blocker therapy. Corticosteroids: Indispensable for prophylaxis against bronchial asthma, exercise-induced asthma, and aspirin-induced asthma. Category 6: Drugs of Choice in Antimicrobials Prophylaxis Prophylactic measures are essential to prevent infections in specific populations. Here are the drugs of choice for antimicrobial prophylaxis: Ampicillin: Used to avoid Group B streptococcus infections. Amoxicillin: Ideal for prophylaxis against endocarditis and otitis media. Azithromycin: Recommended for Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) and pertussis prophylaxis. Benzathine Penicillin: Essential in preventing rheumatic fever. Procaine Penicillin: Recommended for gonorrhea and syphilis prophylaxis. Tetracycline: Effective against rickettsial infections and plague. Cefazoline: Preferred for surgical prophylaxis. Doxycycline: Used to prevent anthrax. Trimethoprim and Sulphamethoxazole: The drug of choice for toxoplasmosis, pneumocystis, and urinary tract infections. Rifampicin: Recommended for Hemophilus influenza type B prophylaxis. Oseltamivir: Effective in preventing influenza Type A & B. Category 7: Anesthetic Drugs of Choice Selecting a suitable anesthetic is crucial for patient safety. Here are the drugs of choice for various medical procedures: Propofol: Ideal for daycare procedures. Sevoflurane: Recommended for congenital heart disease, including ASD, VSD, and PDA. Etomidate: A suitable choice for ischemic heart disease. Ketamine: Indicated for asthma, COPD, shock, CHF, and congenital heart disease with a right-to-left shunt. Thiopentone: Used for epilepsy and thyrotoxicosis. Methohexitone: Essential for electroconvulsive therapy. Isoflurane: Effective for cardiac and neurosurgical procedures and deliberate hypotension induction. Category 8: Drugs of Choice in Endocrinological Disorders Effective management of endocrine conditions is vital. Here are the drugs of choice for various endocrinological disorders: Insulin: The primary treatment for type 1 diabetes, diabetes mellitus during pregnancy, diabetic ketoacidosis, and uncontrolled diabetes. Metformin: Recommended for type 2 diabetes and diabetes mellitus associated with obesity. Sildenafil: Indispensable for erectile dysfunction. Hydrocortisone: Used in cases of acute and chronic adrenal insufficiency. Nateglinide: Effective for postprandial hyperglycemia. Methotrexate: The drug of choice for ectopic pregnancy. Oxytocin: Indicated for postpartum hemorrhage and labor induction. Cabergoline: Essential in the treatment of acromegaly and hyperprolactinemia. Finasteride: Recommended for androgenetic alopecia. Alendronate: Ideal for the management of osteoporosis. Category 9: Drugs of Choice in Fungal Infections Fungal infections require specialized treatment. Here are the drugs of choice for various fungal infections: Amphotericin B: The top choice for meningeal histoplasmosis, endocarditis caused by candida, severe or CNS blastomycosis, and induction therapy for cryptococcal meningitis (for two weeks). Fluconazole: Effective against Candida albicans and for maintenance in cryptococcal meningitis. Itraconazole: Recommended for nonmeningeal histoplasmosis, sporotrichosis, paracoccidioidomycosis, mild or non-CNS blastomycosis, chromoblastomycosis, and Penicillium marneffei. Prednisolone + Itraconazole/Voriconazole: Indicated for allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Caspofungin: The drug of choice for Candida glabrata and Candida krusei infections. Category 10:

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