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Allopurinol: Uses, Side effects, Dosage

Allopurinol is a Prescription Drug used to treat kidney stones and gout and to decrease levels of uric acid in people who are receiving cancer treatment. The body naturally produces a substance known as urate, that is generally dissolved within the blood till it’s passed out of the body in the pee. once an excessive amount of urate is produced, or if the body cannot get eliminate it properly, the blood cannot dissolve all the urate and solid crystals will form in and around joints causing inflammation and pain. Allopurinol blocks the enzyme xanthine oxidase, blocking the conversion of the oxypurines hypoxanthine and xanthine to uric acid. Elevated concentrations of oxypurine and oxypurine inhibition of xanthine oxidase through negative feedback ends up in a decrease in the concentrations of uric acid in the blood serum and pee. allopurinol conjointly facilitates the incorporation of hypoxanthine and xanthine into deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid, resulting in a feedback inhibition of de novo purine synthesis and a decrease in blood serum uric acid concentrations as a result of an increase in nucleotide concentration.   The more common side effects of allopurinol can include: nausea, diarrhea, skin rash, gout flare-up (if you have gout), changes in your liver function test results While Serious side effects and their symptoms can include the following: Severe skin rash, Liver injury. The dose of allopurinol for treating gouty arthritis is 200-600 mg daily depending on severity. The dose for treating high uric acid blood levels because of chemotherapy is 100-800 mg daily starting 1 or 2 days before therapy. It ought to be taken with food to avoid irritation of the stomach. so as to avoid the formation of kidney stones, patients ought to drink lots of fluids whereas taking allopurinol. It Is a pregnancy category C drug By US FDA This drug is only recommended for use during pregnancy when there are no alternatives and the benefit outweighs the risk.

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Digoxin: Uses, Side Effects, Dosage

Digoxin is in a group of drugs called antiarrhythmics. It works by affecting the sodium pump in your body. Lanoxin blocks the sodium pump, that causes Na to move out of the cells and potassium to maneuver into cells. This affects your cardiac rhythm, will increase your heart strength and removes excess water from your body. Digoxin is a Cardiotonic glycoside derived from the leaves of a digitalis plant. Digoxin helps make the heart beat stronger and with a more regular rhythm.It is used to treat mild to moderate heart failure in adults atrial fibrillation, and heart failure in children. You should not use Lanoxin (Digoxin) if you’ve got ventricular fibrillation (a cardiac rhythm disorder of the ventricles, or lower chambers of the heart that enable blood to flow out of the heart). Side Effects  Common side effects include nausea, vomiting diarrhea, dizziness, skin rash, headache, and mental changes.While Serious side effects associated with digoxin include heart block, rapid heartbeat, and slow heart rate.Digoxin has also been associated with visual disturbance (blurred or yellow vision), abdominal pain, and breast enlargement.   Digoxin may cause a severe allergic reaction Like hives, swelling of your face, lips, or tongue, skin rash, trouble breathing, itching.Do Not take this drug again if you’ve ever had an allergic reaction to it. Dose Recommended Oral Loading Dose of Digoxin is 20-45mcg/kg for children age 5-10 Years While For Adults and Children Over 10 Years is 10-15mcg/kg.(Take half of the loading dose first, and then take half of the remaining dose 6–8 hours later. Take the rest of the dose 6–8 hours after that.)Then Starting Maintenance dose for Adults and Pediatric Over 10 years is 3.4-5.1 mcg/kg. The maintenance dose is individualized. It’s based on age, current medical conditions, weight, kidney function, and other drugs. Precautions Digoxin can’t be used if you have ventricular fibrillation, Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, sinus node disease And AV Block, the risk of ventricular arrhythmias during electrical cardioversion, people with preserved left ventricular systolic function, for people with a heart attack, Kidney Diseases, Thyroid Problems and Electrolyte imbalance.

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Clindamycin: Uses, Side Effects, Dosage

Clindamycin was first approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1970. Clindamycin is a Lincosamide antibiotic used for treatment of serious infections caused by susceptible bacteria. It is most often used for treating penicillin-allergic patients or in other situations where penicillin or other such antibiotics cannot be used.Examples of infections that are treated with clindamycin include:pneumonitis, and lung abscess)Serious skin and soft tissue infections,Serious respiratory tract infections (for example, empyema,Female pelvic and genital tract infections (for example, endometritis) and ovarian abscess. The usual adult dose is 150 – 300 mg 4 times a day (every six hours) depending on the severity of the infection your doctor may prescribe 300 – 450 mg every six hours.while The usual dose for paediatric population is 3 – 6 mg/kg 4 times a day (every six hours) depending on the severity of the infection.Children under one year of age and/or under 10 kg may require a lower dose.   It blocks protein synthesis of bacterium by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits of the bacterium. Specifically, it binds primarily to the 23s RNA subunit. Topical clindamycin reduces free fatty acid concentrations on the skin and suppresses the expansion of Propionibacterium acnes (Corynebacterium acnes) , an anaerobe found in sebaceous glands and follicles. Common side effects of Clindamycin include;nausea,diarrhea,vomiting,joint pain,stomach pain,sore throat,vaginal itching or discharge,skin rash or itching,heartburn,changes in bowel habits .Some of the serious side effects of Clindamycin including;dark urine or changes in the amount of urine,yellowing eyes/skin (jaundice). Clindamycin falls into pregnancy category B. Studies in animals have failed to demonstrate a risk to the unborn baby and there are no proven risk in human.clindamycin generally considered to be safe during pregnancy. Before taking this medication, tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are allergic to lincomycin; or if you have any other allergies,Tell about your medical history, especially of:  kidney disease,liver disease,stomach/intestinal diseases (e.g., colitis, Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea), allergic conditions (e.g., asthma, hay fever, eczema).Also Tell your doctor or dentist before having surgery that you are using this drug.

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Metoprolol: Uses, Side Effects, Dosage

Metoprolol is a Cardioselective Beta1 Adrenergic blocking agent that affects the heart and flow of blood through arteries and veins. It is used for heart failure, acute myocardial infarction (MI), mild to moderate hypertension And angina pectoris. Sometimes Used For supraventricular and tachyarrhythmias and prophylaxis for migraine headaches. Beta-blockers stop Norepinephrine (adrenalin) from working on beta receptors in blood vessels and within the heart. This causes blood vessels to relax. By relaxing the vessels, beta blockers facilitate to lower pressure level and scale back chest pain. blood pressure is usually raised as a result of vessels are tightened. That puts a strain on the heart and will increase the body’s oxygen demand. Beta-blockers facilitate to lower the heart rate and therefore the heart’s demand for oxygen. Metoprolol is generally well tolerated. Side effects include,abdominal cramps,low blood pressure,constipation,diarrhea,depression,insomnia,nausea,fever,memory loss,dreaming,cold extremities,shortness of breath or wheezing,impotence,lightheadedness,And sore throat. Possible serious adverse effects include; slow heart rate, hepatitis, and increased insulin resistance, fatigue, And Raynaud’s phenomenon. Metoprolol is a Category C Drug.A pregnancy Category C drug may still be given to a pregnant woman if Your GP believes that the benefits to the woman outweigh the possible risks to the unborn child. For example, untreated high blood pressure during pregnancy carries its own set of significant risks to both the mother and the fetus.So In Condition Like This Your GP May Prescribed Category C Drugs. Recommended Adult dosage (ages 18-64 years) For Hypertension (High Blood Pressure) Is 50 mg, two Times a day Or 25 mg once a day or more. It’s gradually adjusted if needed.While Dosage for people younger than 18 years hasn’t been established. Recommended Adult dosage (ages 18-64 years) For Angina Is 50 mg-100 mg, taken twice a day. The Dose should be adjusted according to the condition.While Dosage for people younger than 18 years hasn’t been established. Recommended Dosage for heart failure or after a heart attack in Adults (ages 18-64 years); The oral immediate-release tablet is often dosed at 12.5–25 mg, taken once a day to start. From there, the dose is slowly adjusted.While Dosage for people younger than 18 years hasn’t been established Read Classification of antianginal Drugs

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Trazodone: Uses, Side Effects, Dosage,

Trazodone also called Pliva 433 is an oral Antidepressant drug approved by US FDA in 1982. It affects the chemical messengers (neurotransmitters) within the brain that nerves use to communicate with (stimulate) each other. The major neurotransmitters are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin. Many experts believe that an imbalance among the different neurotransmitters is the cause of depression. Although the exact mechanism of action of trazodone is not known, it probably improves symptoms of depression by inhibiting the uptake of serotonin by nerves in the brain. This results in more serotonin to stimulate other nerves. Trazodone also may increase directly the action of serotonin. Trazodone is chemically Not related to the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), the tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) or the monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAO inhibitors).   The more common side effects of trazodone can include:sleepiness,dizziness,blurred vision and Constipation Serious side effects and their symptoms can include the following:Thoughts of suicide and worsening depression,Serotonin syndrome,Vision problems,Irregular or fast heartbeat or faint,Low blood pressure,Unusual bruising or bleeding,Erection that lasts longer than 6 hours,Hyponatremia (low sodium in your blood). Usual Adult Dose for depression is 150 mg/day initially in divided doses is recommended. The dose may be increased by 50 mg/day every three to four days. The maximum dose for outpatients usually should not exceed 400 mg/day in divided doses. Inpatients (ie, more severely depressed patients) may be given up to but not in excess of 600 mg/day in divided doses. Trazodone is a pregnancy category “C” Drug By US FDA. This drug should be used during pregnancy only if the benefit outweighs the risk to the fetus.

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Medications used to Treat Pain in children

There are four main types of pain medicine: Opioids, such as codeine and morphine Non-opioids, such as acetaminophen and NSAIDs Local and regional anaesthetics, such as lidocaine and EMLA Adjuvant drugs, such as tricyclic antidepressants and anticonvulsants Antidepressants: Antidepressants are medication that may treat pain and/or emotional conditions by adjusting levels of neurotransmitters (natural chemicals) within the brain. These medications will increase the supply of the body’s signals for well-being and relaxation, enabling pain control for individuals with chronic pain conditions that don’t fully respond to usual treatments. Pain medications Such as acetaminophen (Tylenol), accessible over the counter, and opioids (requires a doctor’s prescription) are usually used to relieve pain in youngsters. Your doctor might suggest over-the-counter or prescription strength anti-inflammatory medication (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen (Motrin, Advil). acetylsalicylic acid shouldn’t be employed in children below the age of nineteen unless taught by your doctor, because it will cause Reye’s syndrome if used during or after a infectious agent or fever-causing malady. Opioids are narcotic pain medications that contain natural, artificial or semi-synthetic opiates. Opioids are usually used to treat acute pain, like short pain after surgery. Tramadol shouldn’t be used for pain and codeine shouldn’t be used for pain or cough in children below twelve years old. youngsters below 18 years old shouldn’t use tramadol after surgery to get rid of their tonsils or adenoids. Epidural analgesia: Epidural analgesia may be performed around major surgeries like abdominal, lower extremity or spinal surgeries for operative pain management. Pain medication is injected into the epidural space of the spinal cord. Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA): kids who are four to six years old could also be ready to use PCA with the assistance of a parent or nurse. several children WHO are as young as six will independently use the PCA pump. Note:While these medications are same as those given to adults for pain, the dosing isn’t a similar for children. The dose of drugs can possible be smaller for kids than for the typical adult, as a result of it is based on the patient’s weight. it’s important to follow the precise dosing prescribed by your child’s doctor.

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Fexofenadine: Uses, Side effects, Dosage

Fexofenadine is a non sedative antihistamine drugs however it can cause drowsiness in some people. It is used in seasonal allergic rhinitis (Hay fever) and chronic urticaria (Hives) such as itching, swelling and rashes. Fexofenadine competes with free histamine for binding at H1-receptors within the gastrointestinal tract, massive blood vessels, and bronchial smooth muscle. This blocks the action of endogenous histamine, that subsequently ends up in temporary relief of the negative symptoms (eg. nasal congestion, watery eyes) brought on by histamine. Fexofenadine exhibits no anticholinergic, antidopaminergic, alpha1-adrenergic or beta-adrenergic-receptor obstruction effects. Fexofenadine blocks histamine receptors and so stops the chain reaction that causes the symptoms of the allergy. It usually starts to work within half an hour to an hour after taking a dose. Do not take Fexofenadine if you are pregnant, unless necessary and it is also not recommended during breast-feeding. Fexofenadine Side effects Common Side effects include Cough, fever, or stomach upset may occur. Many people using this medication do not have serious side effects.A very serious allergic reaction to this drug is rare. However, get medical help right away if you notice any symptoms of a serious allergic reaction, including: rash, itching/swelling (especially of the face/tongue/throat), severe dizziness, trouble breathing. Usual Adult Dose for Allergic Rhinitis ie 180 mg orally per day OR 60 mg orally twice a day. Usual Adult Dose for Urticaria is 180 mg orally once a day OR 60 mg orally 2 twice a day. Usual Pediatric Dose for Allergic Rhinitis fir 6 months to 2 years is 15 mg orally 2 times a day and for 2 years to 11 years is 30 mg orally 2 times a day and for 12 years and older is 180 mg orally once a day OR 60 mg orally 2 times a day. More at drugsbanks.com

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Amitriptyline: Uses, Side effects, Dosage

Amitriptyline is in a group of Drugs Called Tricyclic Antidepressant And is Used to help Relieve Symptoms Of Depression ,Nerve pain ( Neuralgia) Preventing migraine,Nocturnal enuresis) in children aged six years and over (Bedwetting)Lower doses are also widely used to block the long-term (chronic) pain of some rheumatic conditions. Amitriptyline affects chemicals in the brain that may be unbalanced in people with depression. The more common side effects of amitriptyline can include,blurred vision,confusion constipation or diarrhea,numbness and tingling in your arms and legs,skin rash,swelling of your face and tongue,nausea,headache,unexpected weight gain or loss Serious side effects and their symptoms can include the following:1)Heart attack. Symptoms can include,chest pain,shortness of breath,pain or pressure in your chest or upper body.2)Stroke.Symptoms can include:weakness in one part or side of your body,slurred speech.   The recommended dose for Depression in Adults  is 50-75mg Per day  or as a single night time dose increasing to 150-200mg a day. A maintenance dose of 50-100mg at night should be given to lessen the chances of relapse. The recommended dose for Adolescents and elderly  is 25-50mg per day in a divided doses or as a single night time dose. A maintenance dose of 25-50mg may be sufficient. For Children With Nocturnal aneurisis (Nightly bedwetting)the recommended dose for  11-16 years is 25-50mg at night. And for 6-10 years  the dose is 10-20mg at night while Not recommended for age less than 6 years. Amitriptyline will not be prescribed;if you are recovering from a recent heart attack (myocardial infarction) or if you have a condition referred to as heart block,uncontrolled bipolar disorder (extreme mood swings),certain kinds of glaucoma (increased pressure within the eyeball),acute porphyria (an enzyme disorder inflicting severe nerve or skin symptoms). Take amitriptyline hydrochloride exactly as prescribed by your doctor. Follow all directions on your prescription label. Don’t take this medication in larger or smaller amounts or for longer than suggested.

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Japan Scientists Grow Drugs In Chicken Eggs

Japanese researchers have genetically designed hens whose eggs contain medication which will fight serious diseases including cancer, in a very bid to dramatically scale back the price of treatment, a report said Monday. If the scientists are able to safely produce “interferon beta”, a kind of protein used to treat sicknesses including multiple sclerosis and liver disease, by rearing the hens, the value of the drug—currently up to 100,000 yen ($888) for a few microgrammes—could fall considerably, said the English edition of the Yomiuri Shimbun. Researchers at the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) within the Kansai region embarked on the method by introducing genes that turn out interferon beta into cells that are precursors of chicken sperm cell, the newspaper reported. They then used these cells to fertilise eggs and make hens that inherited those genes, that means the birds were able to lay eggs containing the disease-fighting agent. The scientists currently have 3 hens whose eggs contain the drug, with the birds laying eggs nearly daily, the report aforementioned. The researchers commit to sell the drug to pharmaceutical corporations, halving its worth, therefore the corporations will use it 1st as a research material, the newspaper said. Consumers could have to wait a while, as Japan has strict rules regarding the introduction of recent or foreign pharmaceutical products, with screening processes that routinely take years to complete. But the team hopes that the technological breakthrough can eventually facilitate drive down the value of the drug to ten p.c of its current price, the newspaper said.

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Choosing Good Health Benefits of Walking

Introducing Health Benefits of Walking Walking is very good for you in different ways also. It is a great way to connect with nature. It does not need to be a chore. It is also a great way to get fit and stay healthy if you are pregnant. Walking is perfect for your emotional and physical wellbeing. Really, it does not have to cost you anything at all. It is good for your heart. It can lead to weight loss. It is not only beneficial to your physical health but also helpful to your mental fit. It is an easy, cost-free investment in your overall health. Clearly, it is an important form of physical activity, Pate said. Walking may be the simplest approach to work out. It is one of the best forms of exercise. It is one of the best forms of exercise you can do. It is one of the most popular forms of physical activity. The Most Popular Health Benefits of Walking Walking kills the danger of having any sort of lifestyle diseases like diabetes, arthritis etc.. It reduces the risk of cardiovascular-related diseases such as heart disease, high blood pressure, and type 2 diabetes. In fact, it may help you reduce your risk of several lifestyle-related health conditions (like high blood pressure or type 2 diabetes) just as much as running, according to the American Heart Association. It also helps reduce the risk of colon cancer. The wellness benefits of walking include a general improvement of your wellbeing and a decrease in excessive body weight. You need to walk regularly to have the health benefits of walking. One of the wellness benefits of walking is the fact that it lowers the potential for heart attack to enhance blood capacity from heart to other organs. Other benefits includes, decreasing your potential for heart disease, osteoporosis, some cancers and type two diabetes. Walking has other cognitive benefits too and a number of studies have demonstrated that it can help avoid dementia. It can offer exceptional benefits not only toward your personal health, but also toward the well-being of others. If you’re trying to acquire more benefit from your walking, look at walking faster or for longer lengths of time. From heart health to lessen blood pressure and regulated blood sugar, walking is a terrific means to benefit all systems of the human body. Apart from the above mentioned benefits, it also helps to slow down ageing process. It has been proven time and again as one of the simplest, cheapest and most effective forms of exercise to reach long-term and short-term health goals among the elderly. While it can help you to lose excess fat, you probably aren’t going to get the body of your dreams from walking alone. In fact, it is one of the things that distinguishes man from all other animals. Even though it is a low impact form of exercise it helps to strengthen and tone your body. It can help prevent chronic health conditions like type 2 diabetes and heart disease. Walking helps you slim down. It is a great exercise and helps you lose weight. Additionally, it is also one of the top low-impact exercises that can help you lose weight and burn calories.

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