Manzoor (Pharm D)

Lisinopril belongs to a group of drugs called ACE (Angiotensin Converting Enzyme inhibitors). These cause the blood vessels to relax, making it easier for the blood to pass through them. Uses Lisinopril tablets are used to treat: High blood pressure. Diabetic kidney disease in patients with high blood pressure Heart failure. Patients who are stable but have had a heart attack within the last 24 hours (short term treatment). Lisinopril is recommended in children (above 6 years old) only for the treatment of high blood pressure (hypertension). Lisinopril should not be used in children with severe kidney impairment. Lisinopril Side effects The most common side effects that occur with lisinopril include: headache dizziness persistent cough low blood pressure chest pain If these effects are mild, they may go away within a few days or a couple of weeks. If they’re more severe or don’t go away, talk to your doctor or pharmacist. Serious Side effects include hypersensitivity (allergic) reaction. trouble swallowing stomach (abdomen) pain with or without nausea or vomiting kidney problems. tiredness swelling, especially of your hands, feet, or ankles shortness of breath weight gain liver failure. stomach pain nausea and vomiting high potassium levels. Lisinopril Doses Usual Adult Dose for Hypertension: Initial dose: 10 mg orally once a day; 5 mg orally once a day Maintenance dose: 20 to 40 mg orally once a day Maximum dose: 80 mg orally once a day Usual Adult Dose for Congestive Heart Failure: Initial dose: 2.5 to 5 mg orally once a day Maintenance dose: Dosage should be increased as tolerated Maximum dose: 40 mg orally once a day Usual Adult Dose for Myocardial Infarction: The initial dose is 5 mg orally (within 24 hours of the onset of acute myocardial infarction) Subsequent doses are 5 mg orally after 24 hours, then 10 mg orally after 48 hours. The maintenance dose is 10 mg orally once a day. Dosing should continue for at least 6 weeks. Usual Adult Dose for Diabetic Nephropathy: Initial dose: 10 to 20 mg orally once a day Maintenance dose: 20 to 40 mg orally once a day Dosage may be titrated upward every 3 days Usual Pediatric Dose for Hypertension: Pediatric patients greater than or equal to 6 years of age: Initial dose: 0.07 mg/kg orally once a day (Maximum initial dose is 5 mg once a day) Maintenance dose: Dosage should be adjusted according to blood pressure response at 1 to 2-week intervals. Maximum dose: Doses above 0.61 mg/kg or greater than 40 mg have not been studied in pediatric patients

  The medical field can move very fast, even if it may not seem like it when you’re in the thick of things. Here’s a look at 6 drugs that have forever changed the course of history and medicine. 1.Penicillin In 1928 Scottish microbiologist Alexander Fleming was in the process of sterilizing bacterial culture plates that had become contaminated with mold when he noticed clear zones circling mold colonies. The mold toxin responsible for killing the bacteria turned out to be penicillin, which Australian pathologist Howard Walter Florey and British biochemist Ernst Boris Chain later successfully isolated and purified to produce what became arguably the world’s most effective live-saving antibiotic. Incidentally, Fleming seemed to thrive on contamination—his other major discovery, of the antiseptic enzyme lysozyme in 1921, was made after he had accidentally contaminated a culture plate with his own cold germs. 2.Insulin The discovery of insulin was no doubt a major breakthrough in medicine—prior to its discovery, diabetes sufferers often died at a young age. But while Canadian scientists Sir Frederick G. Banting and Charles H. Best, along with their colleagues, often are credited with the hormone’s discovery and isolation, Romanian physiologist Nicolas C. Paulescu appears to have beaten them to it. Paulescu isolated a substance called “pancrein,” presumably insulin, in 1916, but he was soon after recruited to serve in World War I. He finally published his findings in 1921, though they were overshadowed by the release of the Canadians’ report early the following year. 3.Aspirin In 1899 Farbenfabriken vormals Friedrich Bayer & Co. (later Bayer AG) introduced aspirin, a pain-reliever that would come to rank high among the world’s most commonly used drugs. The company credits the synthesis of pure acetylsalicylic acid, aspirin’s active ingredient, to Bayer chemist Felix Hoffmann. However, decades after its introduction, former Bayer chemist Arthur Eichengrün cried foul, claiming to have invented the process of the compound’s synthesis himself, with Hoffmann merely carrying out the procedure. Bayer holds by its claim that Hoffmann was the inventor.   4.Antiretroviral The U.S. Food and Drug Administration’s approval in 1987 of zidovudine, more widely known as AZT, was a breakthrough in the treatment of HIV/AIDS. While not able to cure the disease, the drug was found to prolong the lives of AIDS patients. It also was the first of the so-called nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, a group of antiretroviral drugs that became a cornerstone of HIV/AIDS therapy. Owing to these drugs—and perhaps most significantly to increased access to these drugs in countries worldwide—the annual number of deaths from AIDS declined in the early 21st century. 5.Nitrogen Mustard Nitrogen mustards were developed in the 1920s and ’30s as agents of chemical warfare. By the 1940s, however, it had become clear that at least one of these compounds, HN-2, also known as mechlorethamine, was better suited for use in the fight against cancer, specifically against human lymphomas, than it was in the fight between Axis and Allied powers. In 1949 mechlorethamine became the first drug approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of cancer. 6.Birth control pills. In the early 1920s, Austrian scientist Ludwig Haberlandt published a paper suggesting that hormones could be used as an effective means of contraception in animals. While it is unclear, he may have soon after tested a hormone preparation in clinical trials, despite heavy criticism from colleagues who considered contraception to be taboo. Haberlandt’s work, however, came to an abrupt end with his suicide in 1932. Two decades passed before further clinical trials of hormonal contraception were conducted in humans, and then largely at the urging of social activist Margaret Sanger. The first birth control pill was approved in 1960, in the United States.  

  Following are the 10 most important Habits of World Top Students which may seems like obvious tips but i assure if you do these simple things  it will make a huge difference , 1)Be attentive In Class: This is one most significant habit you must begin inculcating. Learning should begin from the class and not from a textbook before an examination. This additionally saves you from troubles of looking the introductory parts within the textbook. WRITE NOTES and that i guarantee, this works. 2.Understand how the Prof grades: Just like the real world, the academic world isn’t forever fair. you would like to know who is grading you and what they’re probing for. Oddly, if you truly answer queries as written, you will not get full marks from some lecturers. Some professors expected more than the solution. Some solely accepted the answers instructed at school as against other factually correct answers — which coincidently will simply happen if you rely heavily on mental models. Some expected you to not even measure whether or not the answers to their multiple selection answers were true or not; only to note that answer selections aligned or didn’t align with the theories educated at school. Some highly worth participation within which case you need to have a mental model of what they’re teaching based on their allotted readings. the earlier you recognize who you’re dealing with, the earlier you’ll be able to accommodates their approach of grading. fortunately I considered the overwhelming majority of my professors to have graded in a very honest manner. 3.Ask questions in class: Do not be afraid to raise questions. Genuinely have interaction the faculty member and participate in class. if you cannot follow, others probably cannot either. 4.Listening your lecturer rigorously in class No simply furiously taking notes, notes may be borrowed from friends, or you can see reference materials later. Listen in class. 6.Must do your Assignments: Never copy an assignment from a friend (I do not say I never did, however I feel the distinction whenever I did). If you did not complete an assignment in time, raise the academic for an extension even at a cost of some penalty. 7.Give enough time for study: You might have an interest in lot more things ,set your priorities. Sacrifice some social comfort and you may notice lot more time to try and do lot additional things. 8.Practice: Before giving an examination, you need to follow some applications based on the speculation studied. you’ll understand ideas better if you solve some Problems. 9.Avoid Multi-Tasking : Pick less. There are always such a big amount of things to try and do. focusing on one work is way more productive than multi-tasking. shut down all phone alerts, notifications once you sit to study. 10.Find a good study group – ideally people who know things complementary to you, or with whom you work extremely well.always chose people who had the same schedule as yours and had different learning techniques and strengths so you should complement each other.