Generic Drugs

Valproic Acid is a Prescription Drug  and it is also Called Valroate or Epival (divalproex sodium), Depakote (USA), Depakene (valproic acid). Valproate is commonly used in children with generalized seizures who are prone to absence seizures and tonic-clonic seizures. It is also used for a variety of other seizures, in both children and adults, including tonic-clonic, myoclonic, complex partial, photosensitive, and the seizures associated with Juveninle Myoclonic Epilepsy (JME), Lennox-Gastaut syndrome and Dravet syndrome. Valproic acid is also used to treat manic episodes related to bipolar disorder (manic depression), and to prevent migraine headaches. Valproic acid affects chemicals in the body that may be involved in causing seizures. Don’t Use Volproic Acid If You  Have a genetic disorder such as Alpers’ disease or Alpers-Huttenlocher syndrome (especially in a child younger than 2 years old),  liver disease,And  a urea cycle disorder Or if you allergic to volproic acid. Mechanism OF Action: Valproic Acid dissociates to the valproate ion in the GI (gastrointestinal)  tract and then binds to an enzyme  and inhibits GABA transaminase. The drug’s anticonvulsant activity may be related to increased brain concentrations of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS, by inhibiting enzymes that catabolize GABA or block the reuptake of GABA into glia and nerve endings. Valproic Acid may also work by suppressing repetitive neuronal firing through inhibition of voltage-sensitive sodium channels.   Valproic Acid Side Effects Common Side Effects Seen With The Use of Valproic Acid ; ·         Dizziness ·         Drowsiness ·         Headache ·         Constipation ·         Diarrhea ·         Changes in appetite ·         Back pain ·         Agitation ·         Mood swings ·         Hair loss ·         Abnormal thinking ·         Ringing in the ears ·         Uncontrollable shaking of a part of the body ·         Problems with walking or coordination ·         Blurred or double vision ·         Uncontrollable movements of the eyes   Apart From These Side effects Valproic Acid Causes Some Serious Side effects Like; ·         Weakness or swelling in the joints ·         Unusual bruising or bleeding ·         Tiny purple or red spots on the skin ·         Rash ·         Bruising ·         Fever ·         Hives ·         Difficulty breathing or swallowing ·         Swollen glands ·         Peeling or blistering skin ·         Tiredness ·         Confusion ·         Drop in body temperature ·         Swelling of face, eyes, lips, tongue, or throat Valproic Acid Dosage Dose for Epilepsy (Adults) For Complex partial seizures: Initial dose Of 10 to 15 mg/kg orally or IV daily Then increase by 5 to 10 mg/kg per week if necessary according to clinical response.Then A Maintenance dose of 10 to 60 mg/kg daily Don’t Exceed from 60 mg/kg daily For Simple and complex absence seizures: Initial dose of 15 mg/kg orally or IV daily Then increase by 5 to 10 mg/kg per week if necessary according to clinical response Then a Maintenance dose of 10 to 60 mg/kg daily. Don’t Exceed From 60 mg/kg daily Dose for Epilepsy(Pediatric) 10 years or older: Complex partial seizures: Initial dose Of 10 to 15 mg/kg orally or IV daily then increase by 5 to 10 mg/kg per week if necessary according to clinical response Then Maintenance dose of 10 to 60 mg/kg daily Don’t Exceed From 60 mg/kg daily Simple and complex absence seizures: Initial dose Of 15 mg/kg orally or IV daily then increase by 5 to 10 mg/kg per week if necessary according to clinical response Then Maintenance dose of 10 to 60 mg/kg daily. Related: Read more Drugs and Medicines

Azithromycin belongs to the class of drugs known as Macrolide antibiotics. It is commonly used to treat a wide range of bacterial infections, including respiratory tract infections, skin and soft tissue infections, and sexually transmitted infections. It is also used as a prophylactic treatment for individuals at risk of developing bacterial infections after exposure to certain types of bacteria. It treats certain bacterial infections like strep throat, pneumonia, middle ear infections, traveler’s diarrhea, and other intestinal infections. Azithromycin may be used in combination with other antibiotics when it’s used to treat mycobacterium avium complex infection. It should not be used to treat infections caused by viruses, such as the common cold. Don’t use it if you have had jaundice or other liver diseases. Also, talk to your doctor if you have myasthenia gravis, abnormal heart rhythm, and low potassium levels in your blood. Azithromycin tablets can be used for the treatment of the following infections: Acute bacterial otitis media Acute bacterial sinusitis Pharyngitis, tonsillitis Mild to moderately severe community-acquired pneumonia Uncomplicated Chlamydia trachomatis urethritis and cervicitis Skin and soft tissue infections Acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis Genital Ulcer disease. While Azithromycin is generally considered safe for most individuals, certain people should not use this medication. Individuals with a known allergy to macrolide antibiotics, including Azithromycin, should not take this medication as it can lead to severe allergic reactions. In addition, individuals with a history of liver or kidney disease, heart rhythm disorders, or myasthenia gravis should inform their doctor before taking Azithromycin, as this medication may not suit them. Furthermore, certain medications can interact with Azithromycin, so it is crucial to inform your doctor of any medications you are taking, including prescription drugs, over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and supplements. Azithromycin works by inhibiting the growth and spread of bacterial cells, thus stopping the infection from worsening. Azithromycin does this by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit of bacterial cells, which prevents the synthesis of proteins that the bacteria need to grow and multiply. As a result, the bacterial cells cannot produce the proteins required for survival, and their growth is halted, ultimately leading to their death. Following Side effects can be seen with the use of azithromycin; Nausea vomiting Headache with chest pain and severe dizziness, fainting, fast or pounding heartbeats; Nervous System: Dizziness, headache, vertigo, and tiredness. Cardiovascular: Palpitations and chest pain. Severe skin reaction – fever, sore throat, Swelling in your face or tongue, burning in your eyes, skin pain or swelling, pus-filled pimples, Red or purple skin rash that spreads (especially in the face or upper body) and causes blistering and peeling. Gastrointestinal: Dyspepsia, flatulence, vomiting, melena, and cholestatic jaundice. Allergic: Rash, photosensitivity, and angioedema. If you are taking Azithromycin, there are certain precautions you should follow to ensure that you use it safely and effectively. First, taking Azithromycin exactly as your healthcare provider prescribes is crucial. Follow the dosage and schedule recommended to you, and do not stop taking the medication before completing the entire course of treatment, even if you start feeling better. Before taking Azithromycin, you should also inform your doctor of any medical conditions you have, especially liver or kidney disease, heart rhythm disorders, or myasthenia gravis. This medication may not be suitable for individuals with these conditions. It is also important to inform your doctor of any medications you are taking, including prescription drugs, over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and supplements, as certain medications can interact with Azithromycin. Finally, contact your doctor immediately if you experience any unusual symptoms or side effects while taking Azithromycin, such as severe diarrhea, abdominal pain, or a rash. For pregnant women, Azithromycin is generally considered safe to use during the first trimester of pregnancy but should only be used if it is needed. In the later stages of pregnancy, Azithromycin should only be used under the supervision of a healthcare provider. Azithromycin can pass into breast milk for breastfeeding women and may harm a nursing baby. Therefore, breastfeeding women should inform their doctor before taking Azithromycin, as an alternative medication or temporary cessation of breastfeeding may be recommended. Overall, discussing the risks and benefits of using Azithromycin during pregnancy and breastfeeding with a healthcare provider is important to ensure the medication is used safely and appropriately. The dosage and length of time for azithromycin treatment may vary according to the type of infection: Infection of the throat and tonsils: 500 mg/Day in a single dose, then 250 mg per day for four days. Infections of the skin: 500 milligrams (mg) in a single dose, then 250 mg per day for four days. Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP):500 mg of dose per day, then 250 mg daily for four days. Sinus infections caused by bacteria: 500 mg daily for three days or 2 g as a one-time dose. Related Medicine and Drugs

Atorvastatin is (Lipitor) belong to a group of drugs known as statin used for the treatment of elevated total cholesterol,triglycerides, LDL,and to elevate HDL cholesterol. Atorvastatin is also used to treat to lower the risk of stroke, heart attack, or other heart complications in people with type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, or other risk factors. Atorvastatin only comes in the form of a tablet. Atorvastatin Side Effects: Atorvastatin oral tablet  doesn’t cause drowsiness, but it can cause other side effects. More common side effects Some of the more common side effects that can occur with use of atorvastatin oral tablet include: Forgetfulness Diarrhea Gas Heartburn Joint pain Cold symptoms such as runny nose, sneezing, and coughing confusion Serious side effects Serious side effects and their symptoms can include the following: Liver problems. Symptoms can include:Tiredness or weakness,Loss of appetite,Upper stomach pain,Dark-colored urine,Yellowing of your skin or the whites of your eyes Muscle problems. Symptoms can include: unexplained muscle weakness, tenderness, or pain tiredness Precautions Before taking atorvastatin, tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are allergic to it; or if you have any other allergies. Limit alcoholic beverages. Daily use of alcohol may increase your risk for liver problems, especially when combined with atorvastatin. Ask your doctor or pharmacist for more information. Older adults may be more sensitive to the side effects of this drug, especially muscle problems. This medication must not be used during pregnancy. Atorvastatin may harm an unborn baby. Therefore, it is important to prevent pregnancy while taking this medication. Before using this medication, tell your doctor or pharmacist your medical history, especially of: liver disease, kidney disease, alcohol use. Doses: Usual Adult Dose for Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease,Hyperlipoproteinemia Type IIa (Elevated LDL),Hyperlipoproteinemia Type IIb (Elevated LDL + VLDL),Hyperlipoproteinemia Type III (Elevated beta-VLDL + IDL),Hyperlipoproteinemia Type IV (Elevated VLDL),Hyperlipidemia,Hypertriglyceridemia,And Heterozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia. Initial dose of 10 mg or 20 mg orally per day; an initial dose of 40 mg may be used in patients who require a reduction in low density lipoprotein (LDL-C) of more than 45% then Maintenance dose of 10 mg to 80 mg orally per day. Usual Adult Dose for Homozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia, 10 mg to 80 mg orally once a day Usual Pediatric Dose for Heterozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia 10 to 17 years: 10 mg orally once a day Maximum dose: 20 mg/day.

Tramadol is a prescription opioid pain medication used to treat moderate to severe pain. It works by changing the way the brain and nervous system respond to pain. While it can be effective for pain relief, tramadol also comes with some risks and potential side effects. In this article, we will take a closer look at tramadol, its uses, side effects, dosage, mechanisms, precautions, and conclusion. Facts Tramadol Is A Narcotic Analgesic And Is Used To Treat Moderat to Severe Pain. It is a Schedule IV controlled substance that has been associated with addiction, abuse, and misuse. The FDA approved tramadol in March 1995 Side Effects: The more common side effects can include: Nausea and vomiting Headache Dizziness Drowsiness Constipation Dry mouth Lack of energy Sweating Less Common Side effects; Itching, diarrhea, rash, sweating, vertigo And visual disturbances. Mechanism Of Action: Tramadol is a synthetic pain reliever (analgesic). The exact mechanism is unknown, but it is similar to morphine. Like morphine, it binds to receptors in the brain (narcotic or opioid receptors) that are important for transmitting the sensation of pain from throughout the body to the brain. Tramadol is not a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), therefore, it does not have the increased risk of stomach ulcers and internal bleeding that can occur with NSAIDs. Tramadol Dose The recommended dose of tramadol varies depending on the severity of pain and the patient’s medical history. The usual starting dose for adults is 50-100 mg every four to six hours, with a maximum daily dose of 400 mg. The extended-release formulation should be taken once a day, with a maximum daily dose of 300 mg. It is important to follow the prescribed dosage and not to exceed the maximum recommended dose, as this can increase the risk of side effects. This product is available in the following dosage forms: Tablet, Extended Release Tablet, Disintegrating Suspension Capsule, Extended Release Tablet Precautions Tramadol can interact with other medications, so it is important to inform your doctor of any other medications you are taking. Tramadol should not be taken with alcohol or other central nervous system depressants, as this can increase the risk of respiratory depression and other serious side effects. Tramadol should also be used with caution in patients with a history of substance abuse or addiction, as it can be habit-forming. Conclusion Tramadol is a potent opioid pain medication that can be effective for the treatment of moderate to severe pain. It works by binding to opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord and inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine. While it can be effective for pain relief, tramadol also comes with some risks and potential side effects, including nausea, dizziness, constipation, and fatigue. It is important to follow the prescribed dosage and to inform your doctor of any other medications you are taking. Tramadol should not be taken with alcohol or other central nervous system depressants, and should be used with caution in patients with a history of substance abuse or addiction. Learn more about Top 101 Most Commonly Used Drugs Other Drugs And Medicines  

Insulin glargine is a commonly used insulin analog for treating type 1 and type 2 diabetes. It has a longer duration of action, which allows for once-daily dosing, making it more convenient for patients. However, like any medication, insulin glargine has side effects, which need to be monitored closely by healthcare professionals. Highlights Insulin is a hormone that works by lowering glucose (sugar) levels in the blood. Insulin glargine is a long-acting insulin that starts to work several hours after injection and keeps working evenly for 24 hours. Insulin improves blood sugar control in adults and children with diabetes mellitus. Some brands of this medicine are for use only in adults. Carefully follow all instructions for the brand of insulin glargine you are using. Insulin is also used to treat type 1 diabetes in adults and children at least six years old. Insulin glargine is used to treat type 2 diabetes in adults. Insulin works the same way as natural human insulin, but its action lasts longer. It helps diabetic patients regulate glucose or sugar in the body. Insulin glargine promotes the movement of sugar from the blood into body tissues and stops sugar production in the liver. Insulin glargine is an artificial insulin that mimics the actions of human insulin. Insulin, marketed under the name Lantus, is a long-acting insulin analog, given once daily to help control the blood sugar level of those with diabetes. Mechanism Of Action Insulin glargine binds to the insulin receptor (IR), a heterotetrameric protein consisting of 2 extracellular alpha units and two transmembrane beta units. The binding of insulin to the alpha subunit of IR stimulates the tyrosine kinase activity intrinsic to the beta subunit of the receptor. The bound receptor autophosphorylates and phosphorylates numerous intracellular substrates like insulin receptor substrates (IRS) proteins, Cbl, APS, Shc, and gab 1. Activation of those proteins results in the activation of downstream signal molecules as well as PI3 kinase and Akt. Akt regulates the activity of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) and protein kinase C (PKC), which play essential roles in metabolism. Insulin glargine is soluble at pH 4, the pH of the administered solution, and has low solubility at physiological pH 7.4. Upon subcutaneous injection, the solution is neutralized, leading to the formation of micro precipitates. Small amounts of insulin glargine are released from micro precipitates giving the drug a comparatively constant concentration over a time profile over 24 hours with no pronounced peak. This release mechanism permits the drug to mimic basal hormone levels within the body. Side effects of Insulin Glargine One of insulin glargine’s most common side effects is hypoglycemia or low blood sugar. Hypoglycemia occurs when blood sugar levels drop too low, leading to sweating, shakiness, confusion, and even loss of consciousness. It is essential to monitor blood sugar levels regularly and adjust the insulin dosage as needed to avoid hypoglycemia. Another common side effect of insulin glargine is injection site pain. This can occur immediately after injection or develop over time with repeated injections. To reduce injection site pain, patients can rotate the injection site and use a fresh needle with each injection. In some cases, insulin glargine can cause water retention in the joints and weight gain. This is due to insulin’s role in promoting glucose uptake and storage in cells, increasing fat and water retention. Patients should monitor their weight and report any significant changes to their healthcare provider. Rarely some patients may develop an allergic reaction to insulin glargine. This can cause itching, irritation, redness, rash, or swelling at the injection site. In severe cases, patients may experience bronchospasm or low blood pressure. Any signs of an allergic reaction require immediate medical attention. Local allergic reactions that may occur at the injection sites are: Itching Irritation Redness Rash Long-term use of insulin glargine can lead to the thickening of fat tissues at the injection site. Severe allergic reactions are; Swelling under the skin Bronchospasm Very low blood pressure. Bottom Line Insulin glargine is an effective treatment option for diabetes but not without side effects. Patients should work closely with their healthcare provider to monitor their blood sugar levels, adjust their insulin dosage, and report any concerning symptoms. With proper management, insulin glargine can help patients achieve better blood sugar control and improve their overall health and quality of life. Learn more about different; Drugs and medicine Supplements