Articles

This category is for articles related to medicine and diseases. You will find all related information in the form of article, news etc

5 strangest medical conditions

You All Have Heard Of Crazy Disease Like Ebola,And Swine Flu That Have Been Known To Spread Like Fire. But What About Those Rare ,Extreme And Strangest Medical Conditions, We Picked Top 5 Strangest Medical Conditions . (1)The Bark Skin Disease: Epidermodysplasia Verruciformis(EV) is additionally named as Lewandowsky-Lutz dysplasia and “Tree Man illness,” this can be a awfully rare hereditary genetic disease.  It causes widespread HPV (Human papillomavirus) that produces tumors and lesions, which may resemble warts, across the victim’s body. they’ll be reddish-brown in color and are most typically found on the trunk, hands, extremities (both upper and lower) and face. they have been named as “bark like” growths.  Malignant tumors (carcinomas) develop on areas of the skin that are exposed to daylight, largely when the victim is between 20 and 40 years of age. The growths are usually caused as a result of an impaired immune reaction to warts and similar growths. (2)Progeria: Progeria, additionally referred to as Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS), could be a rare genetic condition that causes a child’s body to age quick. most children with progeria don’t live past the age of thirteen. The disease affects both sexes and all races equally. It affects regarding one in every 4 million births worldwide. Approximately 350-400 people have progeria around the world. Causes: 90 % of kids with progeria have a mutation on the gene that encodes for lamin A, a protein that holds the nucleus of the cell together.This protein is additionally called progerin. (3)Haemolacria: Haemolacria refers to the presence of blood within the tears. Concentrations can be so low that it may only be detected with laboratory testing, or the affected person may additionally appear to be bleeding from the eyes because of the high blood content material. It usually appears as a symptom of ailment, although it can additionally increase spontaneously in a few cases, mainly in fertile girls. studies shows that some girls produce some blood in their tears in reference to the hormone cycle, and may be blind to it due to the fact best lines are gift. Causes: 1)Systemic Infections Associated With Bloody Tear. 2)Hemorrhagic fevers like Ebola cause Blood Vessels to burst, leading to leaks throughout the body. 3)Injuries to the eye can lead to haemolacria, as the eye or surrounding area may leak blood that mixes with the tears. 4)Tumors and other Lession inside the eye and near the tear ducts are another possible cause. 5)Researchers theorize it may be associated with extreme stress or psychological upset in these instances. (4)Hypertrichosis: This is a Rare  medical condition in which there’s excessive hair growth in areas that commonly don’t have hair. it’s generally referred to as the werewolf syndrome or Ambras syndrome.It can happen to any anyone despite age, gender, or race. Causes:Unknown (5)Hyperdontia: Hyperdontia is an oral condition characterised by having an excess range of teeth. normal|the quality} range of primary teeth is 20 and also the standard range of permanent teeth is 32. Primary teeth are the primary set of teeth that erupt in a person’s mouth, usually by the age of 36 months, and are shed by the time the person is regarding 12 years old. Permanent teeth then take the place of the primary teeth and are sometimes absolutely erupted by the time the person reaches twenty one years older. an individual who develops more than twenty primary teeth or over 32 permanent teeth has hyperdontia. the extra teeth are observed as supernumerary teeth. Cause: hereditary factors.

5 strangest medical conditions Read More »

Ebola Outbreak-Frequently ask Questions 

  Ebola Outbreak-Frequently ask Questions Where Did the Ebola Virus Come From?  Ebola virus began in Africa but the most recent outbreak has spread to many countries including the U.S. Two US citizens were infected in Africa and brought to the U.S. for treatment in August. This October an patient was admitted to a hospital in Texas with a confirmed case of Ebola. He is said to have potentially exposed about 80 other people. About 50 of those people are being observed for possible symptoms of infection. Anyone who shared living space or a restroom with the patient is at risk due to possible contact with infected bodily fluids. How Do You Catch the Ebola Virus? sneeze contact ebola outbreak Ebola is transmitted by bodily fluids such as blood, saliva, mucus and waists. Original transmission form animals to humans is thought to have occurred from animals eaten for food in rural areas of Africa. Human to human transmission spread to urban areas due to low standards of sanitation and health care. The CDC thinks that the higher standards in the U.S. will help limit the spread but more patients ae being found. What Happens to Advanced Stages of Ebola Virus Infection? In the most advanced stages, bleeding will occur in the form of a hemorrhagic fever that can cause hemorrhaging in many organs. The bleeding can also spread to external bleeding from opening like the eyes and mouth. Not every patient has excessive bleeding but abnormal clotting like easy bruising may still be seen. Ebola kills between 50 to 90 percent of people who become infected. The death is often caused by the bleeding which leads to shock, organ failure, and low blood pressure. Other causes can be seizures, coma, and jaundice from organ damage. What Kind of Treatment is Available for Ebola Virus Infections? Ebola Current treatments are aimed at symptoms. A doctor’s goal is to keep the patient alive long enough to fight off the infection. People who do survive can remain infectious for up to 7 weeks after symptoms are no longer seen. Doctor oversight is a must to make sure that the patient does not expose or spread the virus to anyone else. You can protect themselves by washing their hands before touching their face or eating and drinking since the spread is caused by contact with bodily fluids. You should also invest in N95 certified breathing masks in order to protect yourself from getting infected during an outbreak.

Ebola Outbreak-Frequently ask Questions  Read More »

10 Diseases That Could Wipe Out Humanity

Below, are 10 Diseases That Could Wipe Out Humanity At any time. 10)Ebola Virus: Ebola seems to be the buzzword of 2014.When This apocalyptic disease spread through out  west Africa at an alarming rate.The epidemic mainly hit the Liberia,Seirra leone and Guinea With similar outbreak occurring elsewhere.It is Thought that spread by fruit bats which Host The Disease and Infect Animals Like Monkey and Chimpanzees and Gorrilas.These Infected  animals are then handled and eaten by Humans as bush meat Leading to human transmission.The Fatality rate Was thought To be As High As 70%  with Symptoms Leading To A decrease In Liver And Kidney Function And Causing Both Internal and External Bleeding.The Death Toll Reach More Then 11000 In Just 2 Years. 9)Swine Flu: The Director General Of The World health organization Described The 2009 spread of swine flu As “the First pandemic of 21 century”.The Virus Which First Emerged In 2009 in Mexico Quickly Become A Global Pandemic That Spread To 214 Countries And Caused Upto 20,3000 Deaths. The Flu Strain Also Known As H1N1,Was A unique Mutation;Genetically Similar To A Mixture Of Swine  Avian And Human Flu.And Scientist Remain Wary As To How The Virus Would Continue To Mutate During Flu Season. Unlike Other Human Flu Strains Healthy Young People And Pregnant Women Were Most Vulnerable To The Virus,Due To The Lack of Natural immunization.Swine Flu Patients Suffered From Rapid Deterioration Which Caused Pneumonia or Respiratory Failure. 8)Marburg virus : A highly fatal disease, The marburg virus is among the most harmful pathogens known to infect humans.The first outbreak on record occurred as recently as 1967.It struck the German towns of marburg And Frankfurt, As well as Belgrade, The capital of Serbia.After Gwrman workers were exposed to the tissue of infected monkeys.The virus caused its victims to experience flu like symptoms which quickly escalated leading to patient skin peeling off , which caused profuse bleeding. Although the 1967 outbreak was contained the virus occasionally resurfaces most notably in the late 90s in the Democratic Republic of Congo and in 2005 in Angola. 7) The plaque: One of the most devastating pandemic in human history,The black death killed up to 60% of Europe between 1346 And 1353.The devastating disease spread along maritime trade routes.it was carried by an infected with plaque carrying fleas that traveled abroad merchant ships.many plaque victims died with in just two days of development the harrowing symptoms:; Which include rashes,Fever, Vomiting blood and grotesquely swollen lymph glands.while today the plaque is no longer at pandemic level, the disease hasn’t been eradicated and a handful of people continue to catch the plaque from mice each year in US and other part of the world. 6)Pox: A Disease That Has existed since 10,000 BC –The Highly Infectious Small Pox –Was Gloably Eradicated In 1980.The Disease Known For Causing Fluid Filled Blisters,Had An Overall Fatality Rate Of 30% And Also Caused a Host Of Complications Such As Blindness Or pneumonia.Despite Its Eradication ,There Are Fears That The Pox Could Be Resurrected And Used As Bio-weapon.In 2001 an Australian Research Team accidentally created a modified Form Of Mouse Pox With The IL-4 Gene Which Had A 100% Killed Rate For The Mice Exposed To It.Reaserch Scientist Ron Jackson Stated That If This Gene Was Inserted Into Human Small Pox It Would Be safe To assumed That the gene would increase The Lethality Quite Dramatically. 5)SARS (Sever Acute Respiratory Syndrome): It Is A highly Contagious And Life Threatening Virus Originating in china in 2002 The Virus Is Thought To Have Emerged After an Animal Strain Mutated.Which Enabled It To Infect Humans.With No Know Treatment The Infection Quickly Spread To Other asian Countries Even UK And Canada.There Were 8000 Reported Deaths With a 1 In 10 chance Of Fatality At The Time.The Airborne Virus Was Extremly contagious and spread to the small droplets of a sneeze or cough.The Infection Cause Flu Like Symptoms Which Leads To Lungs Infection,Restricting the oxygen in blood. 4)Drugs Resistant Bacteria: The Development Of Antibiotic has been instrumental in increasing the human lifespan.Bacterial meningitis ,organ transplants and even simple diseases all carried much higher  fatality rate before antibiotics came along.But Antibiotic Have come  at a price.Bacteria-like all other organisms are able to evolve.Infact they do  so in incredible rate.Some muatate In About 20 minutes.Because of This ,They Are Slowly Aquiring a resistance To antibiotics.Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria Currently Infect More Then 2 million People In The US Alone With Aproximately 23000 Of Those infected dying.One of the most infamous of these drug resistant bacteria is methicillin Resistant –Staphylococcus  Aureus ,Better Known As MRSA. According Center For Disease Control 80,000 American Are infected by MRSA Every Year While Most recover ,Almost 11000 Of these People Die. 3)Spanish Flu: One Of The deadliest Natural Disaster In Human History,The 1918 Flu Pandemic  Infected Half a Billion People Ultimately Wiping Out 50 Millions Worldwide.First Surfacing During World War 1 ,The Virus Was able to Spread globally As soldiers Travelled To new Locations In Order to fight.This Virus Was Especially Deadly To young healthy adults.As it infected people by overstimulating Their Immune System And turning them against their bodies.The symptoms were so sever that The Virus Would cause hemorrhages.This would Cause Patients To bleed Perfusely From Their Ear or Nose with Those Unable To Recover Eventaully Drowned In Their Own Body Fluids. 2) Tuberculosis: An incredible one third of the world population is thought to be infected with TB.The ancient Disease has been Plaguing mankind since the begining of recorded Human history.An almost Certain Death Sentence If Left untreated ,those with active TB suffer symptoms of a chronic ,bloody cough and waste away ,due to rapid weight loss.In 1994 the first succefull anti-TB Drugs Arrived ,Leading To a Decline In the Disease.However even with the dawn of modern medicine Tb Has Proved Immposible To eradicate With patients needing to take multiple combinations of antibiotics in order to cure it.This type of treatment has proved difficult to oversee in the developing world,Where it ravishes the poor

10 Diseases That Could Wipe Out Humanity Read More »

Co amoxiclav:Uses, Side Effects, Mechanism,Dosage

Co-amoxiclav is a mixture Of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid. The first ingredient In co-amoxiclav is amoxicillin: a penicillin antibiotic that treats infection by killing the bacteria responsible for the infection. Some bacteria are able to produce a chemical that makes amoxicillin less effective. The second ingredient, clavulanic acid, stops this from happening. Clavulanic acid stops the chemical produced by the bacteria from working, and this allows amoxicillin to kill the bacteria. Co-amoxiclav Uses: Co-amoxiclav is used to treat infections caused by bacteria, such as the following: Ear, nose, or throat infections, eg sinusitis, tonsillitis, otitis media. Chest infections, e.g, pneumonia, bronchitis. Skin and soft tissue infections, eg cellulitis, animal bites. Urinary tract infections kidney infections, in particular recurrent cystitis. Dental abscesses. Bone or joint infections, eg osteomyelitis. Genital infections, including those following childbirth or abortion. Preventing infections following surgery (by injection). Abdominal infections, eg peritonitis. Pyelonephritis. Mechanism Of Action : Co-amoxiclav is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that kills a wide variety of bacteria that cause a wide variety of commonly-occurring infections. it has always been reserved for treating infections caused by bacteria that are immune to amoxicillin. Co-amoxiclav is a Combination of clavulanic acid And amoxicillin. Amoxicillin is a penicillin-type antibiotic, and clavulanic acid is a Drug that stops bacteria from inactivating the amoxicillin. Amoxicillin works by interfering with the ability of a bacterium to form cell walls. The cell walls of bacteria are important for their survival. They keep unwanted substances from coming into their cells and stop the contents of their cells from leaking out. Amoxil impairs the bonds that hold the bacterial cell wall together. this enables holes to appear within the cell walls and kills the bacterium. Certain bacteria are immune to penicillin-type antibiotics, and as a result, they have developed the power to produce defensive chemicals known as beta-lactamases. These interfere with the structure of penicillin-type antibiotics and stop them from operating. Clavulanic Acid is a semisynthetic beta-lactamase inhibitor isolated from Streptomyces that stops the bacterium from inactivating the amoxicillin, therefore increasing the range of bacterium that amoxicillin will kill. Co-amoxiclav Side Effects: Steven-Johnson Syndrome Hepatitis Exfoliative dermatitis Cholestatic Jaundice Headache Dizziness Convulsions With high dose. Co-amoxiclav Dosage Dose According To Weight Of Patient Adults and children ≥ 40 kg One 500 mg/125 mg dose is taken three times a day. Children < 40 kg 20 mg/5 mg/kg/day to 60 mg/15 mg/kg/day given in three divided doses. Doses According To the Age Of Patient Dosage for adults (including the elderly) and children over 12: The usual dose is 375mg three times a day, preferably every 8 hours, for a maximum of 14 days. For more severe infections: One 625mg tablet three times a day. For dental infections: The usual dose is 375mg three times a day, preferably every 8 hours, for 5 days. The dose for people with severe liver or kidney problems may be less than these doses. For Children 1 month to 1 one year Use 0.25ml/Kg of 125/31 suspension every 8 hours. If the infection is severe double the dose. For Ages 1-6 years Use 5ml of 125/31 suspension every 8 hours. For Ages, 6-12 use 5 ml of 250/62 suspension every 8 hours if the infection is severe double the dose. Neonates 0.25ml/Kg of 125/31 suspension every 8 hours Learn more about Medicine Brands

Co amoxiclav:Uses, Side Effects, Mechanism,Dosage Read More »

Lisinopril: Uses, Side effects, Dosage

Lisinopril belongs to a group of drugs called ACE (Angiotensin Converting Enzyme inhibitors). These cause the blood vessels to relax, making it easier for the blood to pass through them. Uses Lisinopril tablets are used to treat: High blood pressure. Diabetic kidney disease in patients with high blood pressure Heart failure. Patients who are stable but have had a heart attack within the last 24 hours (short term treatment). Lisinopril is recommended in children (above 6 years old) only for the treatment of high blood pressure (hypertension). Lisinopril should not be used in children with severe kidney impairment. Lisinopril Side effects The most common side effects that occur with lisinopril include: headache dizziness persistent cough low blood pressure chest pain If these effects are mild, they may go away within a few days or a couple of weeks. If they’re more severe or don’t go away, talk to your doctor or pharmacist. Serious Side effects include hypersensitivity (allergic) reaction. trouble swallowing stomach (abdomen) pain with or without nausea or vomiting kidney problems. tiredness swelling, especially of your hands, feet, or ankles shortness of breath weight gain liver failure. stomach pain nausea and vomiting high potassium levels. Lisinopril Doses Usual Adult Dose for Hypertension: Initial dose: 10 mg orally once a day; 5 mg orally once a day Maintenance dose: 20 to 40 mg orally once a day Maximum dose: 80 mg orally once a day Usual Adult Dose for Congestive Heart Failure: Initial dose: 2.5 to 5 mg orally once a day Maintenance dose: Dosage should be increased as tolerated Maximum dose: 40 mg orally once a day Usual Adult Dose for Myocardial Infarction: The initial dose is 5 mg orally (within 24 hours of the onset of acute myocardial infarction) Subsequent doses are 5 mg orally after 24 hours, then 10 mg orally after 48 hours. The maintenance dose is 10 mg orally once a day. Dosing should continue for at least 6 weeks. Usual Adult Dose for Diabetic Nephropathy: Initial dose: 10 to 20 mg orally once a day Maintenance dose: 20 to 40 mg orally once a day Dosage may be titrated upward every 3 days Usual Pediatric Dose for Hypertension: Pediatric patients greater than or equal to 6 years of age: Initial dose: 0.07 mg/kg orally once a day (Maximum initial dose is 5 mg once a day) Maintenance dose: Dosage should be adjusted according to blood pressure response at 1 to 2-week intervals. Maximum dose: Doses above 0.61 mg/kg or greater than 40 mg have not been studied in pediatric patients

Lisinopril: Uses, Side effects, Dosage Read More »

Adalimumab: Uses, Side Effects, Dosage

Adalimumab is an anti-TNF drug. In rheumatoid arthritis and some other conditions, too much of a protein called TNF (tumour necrosis factor) is produced in the body, causing inflammation, pain and damage to the bones and joints. Anti-TNF drugs such as adlimumab block the action of TNF and so reduce this inflammation. Adalimumab isn’t a painkiller but can modify the disease and improve your symptoms over a period of 2–12 weeks. Trade name Of Adalimumab is Humira. Adalimumab Uses Adalimumab can be prescribed by a rheumatologist for: Rheumatoid arthritis Ankylosing spondylitis Psoriatic arthritis Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). It’s often prescribed along with a disease-modifying drug such as methotrexate. Adalimumab Side Effects If you have any of these serious side effects of Humira, stop taking it and call your doctor right away: Vision problems Numbness or tingling New joint pain Weakness in your legs Chest pain Shortness of breath Swelling of the face, feet, ankles, or lower legs Hives Itching Unusual bruising or bleeding Rash on your cheeks or arms that gets worse in the sun Trouble breathing or swallowing Fever, sore throat, chills, and other signs of infection Dizziness Pale skin Red, scaly patches or raised, pus-filled bumps Injection site reactions are common while taking Humira. Symptoms of these reactions, which typically clear up within a few days, may include: Swelling Redness Bruising Itching Other common side effects of Humira include: Nausea Headaches Upper respiratory infections (including sinus infections) Rash Back pain Doses According To Drugs.com Usual Adult Dose for Ankylosing Spondylitis 40 mg subcutaneously every other week Usual Adult Dose for Rheumatoid Arthritis 40 mg subcutaneously every other week Usual Adult Dose for Psoriatic Arthritis 40 mg subcutaneously every other week Usual Adult Dose for Crohn’s Disease – Acute -Initial dose: 160 mg subcutaneously on Day 1 (given in one day or split over 2 consecutive days), followed by 80 mg subcutaneously 2 weeks later (Day 15) -Maintenance dose (beginning 2 weeks later [Day 29]): 40 mg subcutaneously every other week Usual Adult Dose for Crohn’s Disease – Maintenance -Initial dose: 160 mg subcutaneously on Day 1 (given in one day or split over 2 consecutive days), followed by 80 mg subcutaneously 2 weeks later (Day 15) -Maintenance dose (beginning 2 weeks later [Day 29]): 40 mg subcutaneously every other week Usual Adult Dose for Ulcerative Colitis -Initial dose: 160 mg subcutaneously on Day 1 (given in one day or split over 2 consecutive days), followed by 80 mg subcutaneously 2 weeks later (Day 15) -Maintenance dose (beginning 2 weeks later [Day 29]): 40 mg subcutaneously every other week Usual Adult Dose for Uveitis -Initial dose: 80 mg subcutaneously -Maintenance dose: 40 mg subcutaneously every other week, starting one week after the initial dose Usual Adult Dose for Plaque Psoriasis -Initial dose: 80 mg subcutaneously -Maintenance dose: 40 mg subcutaneously every other week, starting one week after the initial dose Usual Adult Dose for Hidradenitis Suppurativa -Initial dose: 160 mg subcutaneously (given in one day or split over 2 consecutive days), followed by 80 mg subcutaneously 2 weeks later (Day 15) -Maintenance dose: 40 mg subcutaneously each week beginning on Day 29 Usual Pediatric Dose for Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis 2 years and older: -For 10 kg (22 pounds) to less than 15 kg (33 pounds):10 mg subcutaneously every other week -For 15 kg (33 pounds) to less than 30 kg (66 pounds): 20 mg subcutaneously every other week -For 30 kg (66 pounds) or greater: 40 mg subcutaneously every other week Usual Pediatric Dose for Crohn’s Disease – Acute 6 years and older: -For 17 kg (37 pounds) to less than 40 kg (88 pounds): Initial dose: 80 mg subcutaneously (Day 1), then 40 mg subcutaneously 2 weeks later (Day 15) Maintenance dose: 20 mg subcutaneously every other week -For 40 kg (88 pounds) or greater: Initial dose: 160 mg subcutaneously (Day 1) given in one day or split over 2 consecutive days, then 80 mg subcutaneously 2 weeks later (Day 15) Maintenance dose: 40 mg subcutaneously every other week Usual Pediatric Dose for Crohn’s Disease – Maintenance 6 years and older: -For 17 kg (37 pounds) to less than 40 kg (88 pounds): Initial dose: 80 mg subcutaneously (Day 1), then 40 mg subcutaneously 2 weeks later (Day 15) Maintenance dose: 20 mg subcutaneously every other week -For 40 kg (88 pounds) or greater: Initial dose: 160 mg subcutaneously (Day 1) given in one day or split over 2 consecutive days, then 80 mg subcutaneously 2 weeks later (Day 15) Maintenance dose: 40 mg subcutaneously every other week. Learn more information about medicine and supplements here.

Adalimumab: Uses, Side Effects, Dosage Read More »

6 Drugs that Changed the World

  The medical field can move very fast, even if it may not seem like it when you’re in the thick of things. Here’s a look at 6 drugs that have forever changed the course of history and medicine. 1.Penicillin In 1928 Scottish microbiologist Alexander Fleming was in the process of sterilizing bacterial culture plates that had become contaminated with mold when he noticed clear zones circling mold colonies. The mold toxin responsible for killing the bacteria turned out to be penicillin, which Australian pathologist Howard Walter Florey and British biochemist Ernst Boris Chain later successfully isolated and purified to produce what became arguably the world’s most effective live-saving antibiotic. Incidentally, Fleming seemed to thrive on contamination—his other major discovery, of the antiseptic enzyme lysozyme in 1921, was made after he had accidentally contaminated a culture plate with his own cold germs. 2.Insulin The discovery of insulin was no doubt a major breakthrough in medicine—prior to its discovery, diabetes sufferers often died at a young age. But while Canadian scientists Sir Frederick G. Banting and Charles H. Best, along with their colleagues, often are credited with the hormone’s discovery and isolation, Romanian physiologist Nicolas C. Paulescu appears to have beaten them to it. Paulescu isolated a substance called “pancrein,” presumably insulin, in 1916, but he was soon after recruited to serve in World War I. He finally published his findings in 1921, though they were overshadowed by the release of the Canadians’ report early the following year. 3.Aspirin In 1899 Farbenfabriken vormals Friedrich Bayer & Co. (later Bayer AG) introduced aspirin, a pain-reliever that would come to rank high among the world’s most commonly used drugs. The company credits the synthesis of pure acetylsalicylic acid, aspirin’s active ingredient, to Bayer chemist Felix Hoffmann. However, decades after its introduction, former Bayer chemist Arthur Eichengrün cried foul, claiming to have invented the process of the compound’s synthesis himself, with Hoffmann merely carrying out the procedure. Bayer holds by its claim that Hoffmann was the inventor.   4.Antiretroviral The U.S. Food and Drug Administration’s approval in 1987 of zidovudine, more widely known as AZT, was a breakthrough in the treatment of HIV/AIDS. While not able to cure the disease, the drug was found to prolong the lives of AIDS patients. It also was the first of the so-called nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, a group of antiretroviral drugs that became a cornerstone of HIV/AIDS therapy. Owing to these drugs—and perhaps most significantly to increased access to these drugs in countries worldwide—the annual number of deaths from AIDS declined in the early 21st century. 5.Nitrogen Mustard Nitrogen mustards were developed in the 1920s and ’30s as agents of chemical warfare. By the 1940s, however, it had become clear that at least one of these compounds, HN-2, also known as mechlorethamine, was better suited for use in the fight against cancer, specifically against human lymphomas, than it was in the fight between Axis and Allied powers. In 1949 mechlorethamine became the first drug approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of cancer. 6.Birth control pills. In the early 1920s, Austrian scientist Ludwig Haberlandt published a paper suggesting that hormones could be used as an effective means of contraception in animals. While it is unclear, he may have soon after tested a hormone preparation in clinical trials, despite heavy criticism from colleagues who considered contraception to be taboo. Haberlandt’s work, however, came to an abrupt end with his suicide in 1932. Two decades passed before further clinical trials of hormonal contraception were conducted in humans, and then largely at the urging of social activist Margaret Sanger. The first birth control pill was approved in 1960, in the United States.  

6 Drugs that Changed the World Read More »

Diclofenac: Uses, Side Effects, Dosage

Diclofenac is a Nonsteroidal Anti inflammatory Drugs Used As painkillers. Uses: Diclofenac is used to treat painful conditions such as migraine,Osteoarthritis,Rheumatoid Arthritis,Dysmenorrhea dental pain,sprains and strains, gout, and pain after surgical operations. It eases pain and reduces inflammation. Mechanism Of Action: Diclofenac works by blocking the effect  cyclo-oxygenase (COX) enzymes. These enzymes help to make other chemicals in the body, called prostaglandins. Prostaglandins are produced at sites of injury or damage, and cause pain and inflammation. By blocking the effect of cyclo-oxygenase COX enzymes, fewer prostaglandins are produced, which means pain and inflammation are eased. Side Effects: Stop using diclofenac and call your doctor at once if you have a serious side effect such as: Black, bloody, or tarry stools; Chest pain, weakness, shortness of breath, slurred speech, problems with vision or balance; Swelling or rapid weight gain, urinating less than usual or not at all Coughing up blood or vomit that looks like coffee grounds; Nausea, upper stomach pain, itching, loss of appetite, dark urine, clay-colored stools, jaundice (yellowing of the skin or eyes) Bruising, severe tingling, numbness, pain, muscle weakness; Severe skin reaction — fever, sore throat, swelling in your face or tongue, burning in your eyes, skin pain, followed by a red or purple skin rash that spreads (especially in the face or upper body) and causes blistering and peeling. Neck stiffness, chills, increased sensitivity to light, purple spots on the skin, and/or seizure (convulsions); or Less serious side effects may include: dizziness, headache, nervousness; upset stomach, mild heartburn or stomach pain, diarrhea, constipation bloating, gas. ringing in your ears skin itching or rash; blurred vision Note : Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. Diclofenac dosing information Usual Adult Dose for Ankylosing Spondylitis: Diclofenac sodium enteric-coated and delayed-release tablets: 25 mg orally 4 times a day. An additional 25 mg dose may be administered at bedtime, if necessary Maximum dose: 125 mg per day Usual Adult Dose for Osteoarthritis: Diclofenac free acid capsules: 35 mg orally 3 times a day Diclofenac potassium immediate-release tablets: 50 mg orally 2 or 3 times a day Diclofenac sodium enteric-coated tablets: 50 mg orally 2 or 3 times a day or 75 mg orally 2 times a day Maximum dose: 150 mg daily Diclofenac sodium extended-release tablets: 100 mg orally once a day Usual Adult Dose for Rheumatoid Arthritis: Diclofenac potassium immediate-release tablets: 50 mg orally 3 or 4 times a day Diclofenac sodium enteric-coated and delayed-release tablets: 50 mg orally 3 to 4 times a day or 75 mg orally twice a day Maximum dose: 225 mg daily Diclofenac sodium extended-release tablets: 100 mg orally once a day Maximum dose: 100 mg orally 2 times a day; this would be for the rare patient in whom the benefits outweigh the clinical risks. Usual Adult Dose for Dysmenorrhea: Diclofenac potassium immediate-release tablets: 50 mg orally 3 times a day Comments: An initial dose of 100 mg orally followed by 50 mg oral doses may provide better relief for some patients; initiate treatment upon appearance of the first symptoms and continue for a few days. Usual Adult Dose for Migraine: Diclofenac potassium for oral solution packets: 50 mg (1 packet) orally once Comments: This drug is not indicated for the prophylactic therapy of migraine or for use in cluster headaches; the safety and efficacy of a second dose has not been established. Usual Adult Dose for Pain: Oral: Diclofenac potassium immediate-release tablets: 50 mg orally 3 times a day; an initial dose of 100 mg orally followed by 50 mg oral doses may provide better relief in some patients. Diclofenac potassium liquid-filled capsules: 25 mg orally 4 times a day Diclofenac free acid capsules: 18 mg or 35 mg orally 3 times a day Parenteral: 37.5 mg IV bolus over 15 seconds every 6 hours as needed for pain Maximum Dose: 150 mg per day

Diclofenac: Uses, Side Effects, Dosage Read More »

Esomeprazole, Uses, Side Effects And Doses

Esomeprazole is a proton pump inhibitor (PPI). It is one of the top selling drugs in United states.It works by decreasing the amount of acid produced in the stomach. Indications: It is used in Short-term treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease               (GERD) in patients with irritation and swelling of the esophagus when           medicine cannot be taken orally. It is also used to reduce the risk of bleeding ulcers after a certain                     procedure (endoscopy). Also used in the treatment of Zolinger Elison syndrome It may also be used for other conditions as determined by your doctor. Do not take Esomeprazole if you are allergic to other proton pump inhibitor                           medicines(e.g.omeprazole,pantoprazole,lanzoprazole, rabeprazole). if you are allergic to esomeprazole or any of the other ingredients of this medicine. if you are taking a medicine containing nelfinavir (used to treat HIV infection).   Side Effects: Esomeprazole, like other PPIs, is well-tolerated. The most common side effects are Nausea, Vomiting, Diarrhea, Dizziness, Headaches and Rashes . Abnormal heartbeat,Nervousness,leg cramps,muscle pain, weakness, and water retention occur infrequently. Long-term use of PPIs has also been associated with low levels of magnesium (hypomagnesemia). Analysis of patients taking PPIs for long periods of time showed an increased risk of heart attacks. Proton pump inhibitors may increase the risk of Clostridium difficile infection. High doses and long-term use (1 year or longer) may increase the risk of osteoporosis-related fractures of the hip, wrist, or spine. Prolonged use also reduces absorption of vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin). Doses : Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) Healing of Erosive Esophagitis 20 mg or 40 mg Once Daily for 4 to 8 Weeks Maintenance of Healing of Erosive Esophagitis 20 mg Once Daily Symptomatic Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease 20 mg Once Daily for 4 Weeks Pediatric GERD 12 to 17 Year Olds Healing of Erosive Esophagitis Symptomatic GERD 20 mg or 40 mg Once Daily for 4 to 8 Weeks 20 mg Once Daily for 4 Weeks 1 to 11 Year Olds Short-term Treatment of Symptomatic GERD 10 mg Once Daily for up to 8 Weeks Healing of Erosive Esophagitis weight < 20 kg 10 mg Once Daily for 8 Weeks weight ≥ 20 kg 10 mg o r 20 mg Once Daily for 8 Weeks 1 month to < 1 year old Erosive esophagitis due to acid-mediated GERD weight 3 kg to 5 kg 2.5 mg Once Daily for up to 6 Weeks weight > 5 kg to 7.5 kg 5 mg Once Daily for up to 6 Weeks weight > 7.5 kg to 12 kg 10 mg Once Daily for up to 6 Weeks Risk Reduction of NSAID-Associated Gastric Ulcer 20 mg or 40 mg Once Daily for up to 6 months H. pylori Eradication to Reduce the Risk of Duodenal Ulcer Recurrence Triple Therapy: NEXIUM 40 mg Once Daily for 10 Days Amoxicillin 1000 mg Twice Daily for 10 Days Clarithromycin 500 mg Twice Daily for 10 Days Pathological Hypersecretory Conditions Including Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome 40 mg Twice Daily. More drugs here

Esomeprazole, Uses, Side Effects And Doses Read More »

How do top students study ?

  Following are the 10 most important Habits of World Top Students which may seems like obvious tips but i assure if you do these simple things  it will make a huge difference , 1)Be attentive In Class: This is one most significant habit you must begin inculcating. Learning should begin from the class and not from a textbook before an examination. This additionally saves you from troubles of looking the introductory parts within the textbook. WRITE NOTES and that i guarantee, this works. 2.Understand how the Prof grades: Just like the real world, the academic world isn’t forever fair. you would like to know who is grading you and what they’re probing for. Oddly, if you truly answer queries as written, you will not get full marks from some lecturers. Some professors expected more than the solution. Some solely accepted the answers instructed at school as against other factually correct answers — which coincidently will simply happen if you rely heavily on mental models. Some expected you to not even measure whether or not the answers to their multiple selection answers were true or not; only to note that answer selections aligned or didn’t align with the theories educated at school. Some highly worth participation within which case you need to have a mental model of what they’re teaching based on their allotted readings. the earlier you recognize who you’re dealing with, the earlier you’ll be able to accommodates their approach of grading. fortunately I considered the overwhelming majority of my professors to have graded in a very honest manner. 3.Ask questions in class: Do not be afraid to raise questions. Genuinely have interaction the faculty member and participate in class. if you cannot follow, others probably cannot either. 4.Listening your lecturer rigorously in class No simply furiously taking notes, notes may be borrowed from friends, or you can see reference materials later. Listen in class. 6.Must do your Assignments: Never copy an assignment from a friend (I do not say I never did, however I feel the distinction whenever I did). If you did not complete an assignment in time, raise the academic for an extension even at a cost of some penalty. 7.Give enough time for study: You might have an interest in lot more things ,set your priorities. Sacrifice some social comfort and you may notice lot more time to try and do lot additional things. 8.Practice: Before giving an examination, you need to follow some applications based on the speculation studied. you’ll understand ideas better if you solve some Problems. 9.Avoid Multi-Tasking : Pick less. There are always such a big amount of things to try and do. focusing on one work is way more productive than multi-tasking. shut down all phone alerts, notifications once you sit to study. 10.Find a good study group – ideally people who know things complementary to you, or with whom you work extremely well.always chose people who had the same schedule as yours and had different learning techniques and strengths so you should complement each other.

How do top students study ? Read More »