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Levodopa: Uses, Side Effects And Dosage etc

It is used for the treatment of Parkinsonian disorders (associated with low levels of a chemical known as dopamine) and is typically given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system. Levodopa is employed alone or together with carbidopa. Some patients need the combination of medication, whereas others benefit from L-dopa alone. By improving muscle control, L-dopa permits more normal movements of the body. Clinical Uses: In The treatment of Parkinson’s disease L-dopa together with carbidopa is at first given in a small dose, like 25/100 mg (25 carbidopa and 100 levodopa) 3 times daily after meals to stop gastric irritation.The dose may be raised upto 25/250 mg 3-4 times daily.However its better to stay the dose of L-dopa low so as to avoid the adverse effects. L-dopa is particularly effective in Tremors and hypokinesia. Pharmacokinetics: When Given Orally,I is absorbed from the small intestine by an active process.Plasma half Life is about 2 hours and its onset of action happens in 1-2 hours.When It is given alone , it’s principally metabolised in the peripheral tissue into dopamine by the enzyme dopa decarboxylate enzyme, and only 1-3% of levodopa stay unchanged and passes into brain. Mechanism Of Action: In a Parkinson sickness the amount of dopamine become terribly low. This is as a result of many of the cells in your brain that manufacture dopamine have died or are dying. Dopamine molecule is just too polar to cross the blood-brain barrier, and therefore cannot enter the brain. (Dopamine is lipid soluble and therefore cannot pass through blood brain barrier.) the most common treatment used contains the chemical levodopa. This molecule is additionally polar, but because it’s an amino acid it’s recognised by proteins that carry amino acids across the blood-brain barrier. Levodopa is thus safely transported across the interface. Levodopa is the precursor molecule of dopamine and a small proportion of each levodopa dose crosses the barrier and is decarboxylated to dopamine. This recently formed dopamine then is available to stimulate dopaminergic receptors, therefore compensating for the depleted supply of endogenous dopamine. Levodopa may be a chemical building block that your body converts into dopamine. Levodopa Contraindications: It is contraindicated in narrow angle glaucoma, in gouty arthritis unless patient is protected with prophylactic anti gout therapy. It is conjointly contraindicated in malignant melanoma because levodopa increase the synthesis of melanin. Levodopa side Effects: More Common and less serious side effects include constipation, dry mouth, or blurred vision; muscle twitches; sleep disorder, confusion, or nightmares; darkening of the pee or sweat, mild nausea, vomiting, or decreased appetite; hand tremor, fatigue, dizziness or sleepiness, agitation or anxiety. Serious side effects, an allergic reaction, seizures, an irregular heartbeat or fluttering within the chest, depression or suicidal thoughts, uncontrolled movements of a section of the body, persistent nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea, and unusual changes in mood or behavior. Very rare side effects include glaucoma, Blood Dyscrasias, Gout, and brown discoloration of various body secretions Levodopa in Pregnancy: Levodopa should be used with caution in pregnant ladies. Animal studies show toxicity associated with the use of L-dopa. it may pass into breast milk and have an effect on milk production. Consult your doctor before breast-feeding. Drug Interactions: Drug Like Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) will increase the peripheral metabolism of L-dopa which will be prevented by dopa decarboxylase inhibitors. Combination of adrenergic medicine with levodopa might cause hypertension (Blood Pressure). Administration of non selective Mono amine oxidase inhibitors (MAO) with Levodopa will cause hypertensive crisis.Thus it should be avoided with in two weeks of administration of Non selective MAO inhibitors or MAO-A inhibitors. Related Article: Important Information About Piroxicam

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Piroxicam (Brexin Tablet): Uses, Side Effects

Piroxicam (Brand Name: Brexin) belong to a group of medicine referred to as a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug drug (NSAID).The Food and Drug Administration approved piroxicam in 1982. Brexin Tablet contains Piroxicam as a complex with Beta Cyclodextrin 20mg. Piroxiam (Brexin) Uses: It is one of the first choice drug to reduce Pain, Swelling, and joint stiffness from arthritis,gout, and ankylosing spondylitis. It conjointly sometimes used to relieve pain caused by menstrual cramps, surgery, or vaginal birth. Mechanism Of Action Of Brexin: It work by reducing the amount of prostaglandins, chemicals that are responsible for pain, fever, and inflammation. It blocks the enzyme that creates prostaglandins (cyclooxygenase), leading to lower concentrations of prostaglandins. As a consequence, inflammation, pain and fever are reduced. Piroxicam (Brexin) In Pregnancy: Piroxicam might hurt an unborn baby. Don’t take this medication without talking to a doctor if you’re pregnant or conceive to become pregnant.You particularly shouldn’t take It throughout your last three months of pregnancy. Brexin Side Effects: The more common side effects that may occur with this drug include: headache, dizziness, diarrhea and heartburn whereas Serious side effects Allergic reaction (skin rash, itching or hives, swelling of your face, lips, or tongue), heart attack or stroke, kidney injury, Heart failure, stomach issues, like ulcers and bleeding,Liver issues, and Skin reactions. Interaction With Other Drugs: Taking piroxicam with different NSAIDs might increase side effects, as well as stomach pain. examples of different NSAIDs include: ibuprofen, aspirin, naproxen whereas Taking methotrexate with piroxicam will cause dangerous levels of methotrexate in your body. this might cause side effects like nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, mouth sores, fever, and hair loss.Taking certain blood pressure medicine with piroxicam would possibly make those medicine not work as well. examples of these medicine include: diuretics (water pills), angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. Dosage Information: Piroxicam (Brexin)  Should to be taken with food.Usual Adult Recommended Dose for rheumatoid And Osteoarthritis is 20 mg orally once daily or 10 mg twice daily.Take this medication round the same time every day with a full glass of water.

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Doctors are now Warning: If you utilize Aluminum foil, Stop It Or Face Deadly Consequences

High doses of metallic element like Aluminum are coupled to osteoporosis and Alzheimer’s. Studies have additionally linked a high intake to patients with bone illness or renal disorder. Aluminum foil, that was initial introduced in the early 1900s, is presently one amongst the most commonly used kitchen items. it’s extraordinarily versatile too, and is employed for cookery, wrapping, and even for treating some common heath problems. However, the problem with this kitchen item is its toxin nature, that negatively affects the brain perform and it absolutely was even found to trigger the onset of Alzheimer`s illness.  As explained by doctor, exposure to this metal could result in mental decline and loss of memory, balance, bodily control, and coordination.Cooking with aluminium foil was additionally found to cause pulmonary fibrosis and alternative respiratory problems. once exposed to high temperatures through baking or broiling, the insufficient bits of the metal end up in the food. although these small pieces aren’t released, adding certain spices or lemons could cause chemical activity of aluminum. Additionally, it’s been scientifically shown that cooking with foil impacts the bones, because of the very fact that the metal accumulates within the bones and results in loss of calcium that is of utmost importance for correct bone health. cooking with foil was additionally found to cause pulmonary fibrosis and other respiratory problems. When exposed to high temperatures through baking or grilling, the small bits of the metal end up within the food. although these small items aren’t free, adding certain spices or lemons could cause chemical activity of aluminum. Essam Zubaidy, a chemical engineering research worker at the american University of Sharjah, has done an in depth study that checked out the results of aluminum on cookery. He found that a meal baked in foil could contain up to 400 mg of metal.“The higher the temperature, the more the leaching. Foil is not suitable for cooking and isn’t suitable for using with vegetables like tomatoes, citrus juice or spices,” he explains. Specifically, this study showed that food items baked in acidic solutions like tomato sauce or lemon juice primarily took on the most aluminum. As mentioned above, adding spices will increase the leaching even more. On the opposite hand, food items baked in salt or alcohol took the smallest amount aluminum. While (W.H.O) states that forty mg is the safe daily intake of metal, this study done by the researchers at the american University of Sharjah shows that the food wrapped in aluminum foil would possibly contain quite 6 times that quantity. needless to mention, ingesting this metal is such quantities is anything but safe. To sum up, despite the fact that this easy tool is budget-friendly and helps prepare tasty meals, it’s extraordinarily dangerous for your brain, for your bones, and ultimately for your lungs.Therefore, if you’d prefer to avoid brain-related problems, issues with your bones, and ending up with a pair of unhealthy lungs, ensure you stop cooking with foil.  

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Only A Registered Doctor/Pharmacist Can Get 8/10 In This Difficult Test

Q.1 Which of the following is the most appropriate for the management of allergic rhinitis? A  Oxymetazoline B   Levocetirizine C  Pseudoephedrine D  Diphenhydramine E   Promethazine Q.2 A drug that is an antagonist is: A  Valsartan B  Lisinopril C  Morphine D Simvastatin E  Insulin Q.3 Trigger factors for migraine include all EXCEPT: A  Lack Of SleepB  Use of caffeineC  Missed mealsD  Exposure to sunlightE  Air travel Q.4 Which one of the following Cardiac Tissue has The highest Conduction Velocity? A  Ventricular Myocardial TissueB  Purkinje FibresC  Atrial Myocardial TissueD  SinoAtrial NodeE  Atrioventricular Node Q.5 Which of the following is an example of a prodrug? A  Diclofenac B  Paroxetine C  Codeine D  Imipramine E  Paracetamol Q.6 Isoflurane is a (an): A   Muscle relaxant B   Anaesthetic C   Benzodiazepine antagonist D   Anticholinesterase E    Antimuscarinic Q.7 Which of the following diuretics will decrease the amount of calcium excreted from the kidney? (A)  Spironolactone (B)  Hydrochlorothiazide (C)  Furosemide (D)  Amiloride (E)   Acetazolamide Q.8 Which drug that acts as a 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor antagonist? A   Betahistine B   Ondansetron C   Hyoscine D   Promethazine E    Cinnarizine Q.9 Which of the following factors is most likely to give a false negative PSA? A.  Finasteride B   Recent catheterisation C   Prostatic needle biopsy D   Prostatic US E   Tamsulosin Q.10 Epidemic of Zika virus infection has been reported in many South American countries. Which is the vector that transmits Zika virus to human? A  Flies B  Ticks C  Mosquitos D  Stray dogs E   Rodents Answer These Questions In Comment Section And Share It With Your Friends We will Soon Upload The Answer Section.

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Tazocin (Piperacillin-Tazobactam)

Tazocin is the brand name of the combination of piperacillin 2.5 g+ tazobactam 0.25g and it is available in the form of Powder for parenteral injection.This Combination does not increase the activity of piperacillin against pseudomonas.This is due to the fact that pseudomonas produce chromosomal beta lactamases, against which tazobactum is not effective .Antimicrobial spectrum of this combination seems to similar to that of ticarcillin and clavulanate combination. Tazocin Uses Tazocin is used to treat many different infections caused by bacteria, such as Hospital accquired pneumonia,complicated intra abdominal infection, septicaemia (Blood Poisoning), Complicated infection involving urinary tract infections and skin and soft tissue infections. It is also used in infections in neutropenic patients (Low white Blood Count) Mechanism Of Action Tazocin Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to one or more of the penicillin binding proteins (PBPs); that successively inhibits the ultimate transpeptidation step of peptidoglycan synthesis in bacterial cell walls, so inhibiting cell wall synthesis. bacteria eventually lyse as a result of ongoing activity of cell wall autolytic enzymes (autolysins and murein hydrolases) whereas cell wall assembly is arrested. Tazobactam inhibits several beta-lactamases, as well as staphylococcal penicillinase and richmond and Sykes types II, III, IV, and V, as well as extended spectrum enzymes; it’s only restricted activity against class I beta-lactamases other than class Ic types. Side Effects Allergic reactions like urticaria,joint pain, fever, angioedema, rashes, serum sikness like reaction,anaphylaxis. Nausea,vomiting, diarrhea. constipation dyspepsia, stomatitis, hypotension, Jaundice, headache insomnia leucopenia, anaemia,Thrombocytopenia, and coagulation disorder. Rare Abdominal Pain,eosinophilia,hepatitis very rare hypoglycaemia,hypokalaemia,Toxic epidermal necrolysis, and steven jhonson syndrome. Rare CNS side effects like Convuslion,(with high doses) Interstitial nephritis. Dosage Information: Adult and Child Age more than 12 years: Usual dose for Hospital Accquired pneumonia, complicated intra abdominal infection, and septicaemia is 4.5 g after every 8 hours or 3.75 g every 6 hours. Adult and Child Age 2-12 years: Usual Dose For Complicated infection involving urinary tract infections and skin and soft tissue infections is 112.5 mg/kg. after every 8 hours .Don’t Exceed from 4.5g. Adult and child over 12 years: The dose for infections in neutropenic patients by Intravenous infusion is 4.5g after every 6 hours. Precautions: Before using Tazocin , tell your doctor or health care provider if you’re allergic to it; or to any other antibiotics of this group (such as penicillins, cephalosporins); or if you have got any other allergies. This product could contain inactive ingredients, which might cause hypersensitive reactions or other issues. This combo contains sodium. Consult your doctor or health professional if you’re on a salt-restricted diet or if you have got a condition that would be worsened by an increase in salt intake (such as heart disease, high blood pressure).Before using this medication, tell your doctor or health professional your medical record, particularly of: cystic fibrosis, renal disorder. Related Article: Important Information About Rifampicin

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Rifampicin: Important Information

Uses Rifampicin is a semisynthetic derivative of rafmycin B obtained from streptomyces mediterranei.Rifampicin is clinically used in the treatment of following Condition: For the Treatment of Tuberculosis in combination with other anti Tuberculosis drugs. Treatment of leprosy and atypical mycobacterial infection. Prevention of Meningococcal meningitis. Prevention of meningitis caused by H.influenza in children. In combination with co-trimxazole for the eradication of staphylococcal infections. Along with Vancomycin,ceftriaxone or cefotoxime ,for the treatment of meningitis caused by highly penicillin resistant pneumococci. Mechanism Of Action Rifampicin is a bactericidal drug and inhibits the synthesis of RNA in the bacterium by inhibition of the enzyme referred to as DNA dependent RNA polymerase.It inhibits DNA dependent RNA synthesis.Probably the basis of selective toxicity is that mammalian RNA polymerase doesn’t avidly bind rafampicin.Resistance to Rifampicin could occur due to mutation in the gene of RNA polymerase of the mycobacteria.This will stop the binding of rifampicin with the RNA polymerase of bacterium. Side Effects: Headache, Diarrhea, and abdominal discomfort . If Given in less than twice weekly doses,it can cause flu-like symptoms,such as fever,malaise,muscle pain,thrombocytopenia,neutropenia, anaemia and renal tubular necrosis may occur. Hypersensitivity reactions like skin rashes and fever may occur. Cholestatic jaundice and rarely hepatitis can occur. It can cause your urine and sweat to have an orange or reddish colour but This is completely harmless. Collapse and shock,acute renal failure, respiartory symtoms include shortness of breath. Pregnancy There are very limited knowledge regarding fetal risks following exposure to Rifampicin throughout pregnancy. No exaggerated risks of miscarriage, congenital malformation, preterm delivery or low birth weight are attributed to Rifampicin exposure, though the underlying maternal infections requiring Rifampicin treatment have known independent risks throughout pregnancy.Manufacturer advise very high doses teratogenic in animal studies in first trimester and risk of infant bleeding is also increased in third trimester.While quantity of Rifampicin in breast milk is simply too little to be harmful. Doses Dose For The Treatment of Tuberculosis is 10 mg/kg/day (600 mg daily) twice weekly. Dose For The prevention of meningococcal meningitis is 600 mg twice daily for two days. Dose for the prevention of meningitis caused by H.influenza in children is 20 mg/kg/day for four days. Dose For Brucellosis,legionnaires disease,endocarditis in combination with other drugs is 0.6g-1.2g per day in 2-4 divided doses. Related Article: Important Information About Isoniazid

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Mefenamic Acid: Important Information

Mefenamic Acid Uses Mefenamic acid (Ponstan) is a Fenamic acid derivatives and is employed in the treatment of pain and inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.Mild to moderate pain,Postoperative pain, menorrhagia (Abnormally heavy periods) and dysmenorrhoea (Painful periods),Pain following surgery, And Pain following childbirth. It has less anti-inflammatory and more harmful effects as compare to aspirin and that is why it mustn’t be used for more than one week at a time.It is contraindicated in children and disease like inflammatory bowel disease.It is available in Tablets of 250 and 500 mg. Mechanism Of Action Ponstan contain the active ingredient Mefenamic acid-Which is a type of drugs known as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). NSAIDs are used to relieve pain and inflammation.Mefenamic acid binds the prostaglandin synthetase receptors Cox-1 and Cox-2, inhibiting the action of prostaglandin synthetase. As these receptors have a role as a significant mediator of inflammation and/or a job for prostanoid signaling in activity-dependent plasticity, the symptoms of pain are temporarily reduced. Side Effects The most common side effects that occur with Mefenamic acid include: nausea, vomiting, constipation, rash, ringing in your ear (tinnitus), abdomen pain, heartburn, diarrhea, dizziness whereas Serious side effects and their symptoms will include; heart attack or stroke, heart failure, stomach issues, like ulcers or hurt,liver issues, skin reactions, allergic reactions. Mefenamic Acid in Pregnancy This drugs isn’t counseled to be used in pregnancy unless considered essential by your doctor. this can be significantly important within the 1st and third trimesters. If taken in the third trimester it should delay labour, increase the length of labour and cause complications in the newborn. Some proof suggests that NSAIDs should even be avoided by women making an attempt to conceive, as they’ll temporarily reduce female fertility throughout treatment and will also increase the danger of miscarriage or malformations. ask for medical recommendation from your doctor. Dosage Information  Usual Adult Dose for Pain and Dysmenorrhea: starting dose should be 500 mg once daily Then followed by 250 mg 4 times each day or after every six hours.Duration of therapy is typically 7 days for pain and 2-3 days for Dysmenorrhea. Usual pediatric (Age fourteen years or older) dose for Pain and Dysmenorrhea Starting dose should be 500 mg once daily Then followed by 250 mg 4 times each day or after every six hours.Duration of therapy is typically seven days for pain and 2-3 days for Dysmenorrhea. Related Article: Important Information About Cefixime

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Beta 2 Agonist Drugs

Beta 2 Agonist Drugs (Selective Beta 2 agonists) are the safest drugs and most effective short acting beta 2 agonist for the treatment of asthma while some long acting beta 2 agonist are added to an inhaled corticosteriod. Less Selective beta 2 agonist such as ephedrine should be avoided if possible. Mainly or Selective Beta 2 Agonists produce bronchodilation and It  include: Salbutamol Terbutaline Fenoterol Ritodrine Salmeterol Formoterol 1. Salbutamol: Uses: It is a selective β² agonist and is mainly used as a bronchodilator in the treatment of asthma for this purpose it is best used by inhalation with the help of an inhalaer or nebulizer .When use by inhaltion a smaller dose of drug is required to produce the maximum effect.0.25-0.5 can be used by subcutaneous,intramuscular or slow intrvenous. It can also be used in Reversible airways obstruction and premature labour. It can also be used in patients suffering from chronic bronchitis and emphysema.Bronchospasm in these patients can be treated with salbutamol or other bronchodilator. Mechanism Of Action: Binding of Salbutamol to beta(2)-receptors in the lungs leads to relaxation of bronchial smooth muscles. it’s believed that salbutamol will increase cAMP production by activating adenylate cyclase, and also the actions of salbutamol are mediate by cAMP. enlarged intracellular cyclic AMP will increase the activity of cAMP-dependent protein kinase A, that inhibits the phosphorylation of myosin and lowers intracellular Ca concentrations. A lowered intracellular Ca concentration ends up in a smooth muscle relaxation and bronchodilation. additionally to bronchodilation, salbutamol inhibits the discharge of bronchoconstricting agents from mast cells, inhibits microvascular leakage, and enhances mucociliary clearance. Side effects: Side effects of beta 2 agonist include Nervous tension, Bronchial Hyperactivity Fine tremor, Headache, Palpitation, Muscle cramps , Tachycardia,, Arrhythmia’s, Myocardial ischemia, Peripheral vasodilation Sleep disturbances. Angioedma, Urticaria, Hypotension High doses of beta 2 agonist are associated with hypokalaemia. (Note: These side effects are same for all beta 2 agonist drugs) Pharmacokinetics: It can be given orally, subcutaneusly, intramuscularly and by inhalation.it is well absorbed from GIT and metabolised mainly in the liver by monamine oxidase enzyme.when given by inhalation it produces bronchodilation in a few minutes which last for 3-4 hours and persist for about 6 hours.When given orally bronchodilation effect occur after about 1 hour and persist for about 6 hours.When given subcutenous injection its effect occur in about 5 minutes and persist for 4 hours 2. Terbutaline Though it is similar to salbutamol but it is sometime longer acting than the salbutamol.It is available in the Tablets of 5 mg and 2.5 mg.Dose of 2.5-5mg three time a day can be used in the treatment of asthma.Terbutaline can be given by inhalation .each inhalation from a meter dose inhalor delivers 200µg of terbuatline.11 inhalation may be used 4-6 hourly.Injection 0.25 mg are also available which can be used by intramuscualr, subcutaneous or slow intravenous injection. 3. Salmeterol: This is available as inhaler.Each puff deleivers 25μg of salmeterol.It has a long plasma half life.its dose is 50μg twice daily which can be increased to 100μg twice daily in severe cases. 4. Formoterol Fumarate: This is also a long acting beta 2 agonist drug and is available as dry powder in capsules, containing 12μg/capsules.Its dose is 12μg twice daily by inhalation and in severe cases 24μg twice daily can also be used. 5. Bambuterol Hydrochloride: This is a prodrug and it is converted in the body into terbutaline.it is available as oral tablets of initially 10 mg one tab is used at bed time for 1-2 weeks,then increased the dose to 20 mg once daily.

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Cefixime: Uses, Mechanism, Side Effects, Dosage etc

Cefixime is an orally active third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic and is employed to treat certain infections caused by bacteria like bronchitis (infection of the airway tubes leading to the lungs); infections of the ears, throat, tonsils, and urinary tract. gonorrhea (a sexually transmitted disease). it’s extremely stable in the presence of beta-lactamase enzymes It works by killing bacterium. Antibiotics like cefixime won’t work for colds, flu, or different viral infections. using antibiotics when they aren’t required will increase your risk of obtaining an infection later that resists antibiotic treatment. Mechanism Of Action  Cefixime binds to specific penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) situated inside the bacterial cell wall, inflicting the inhibition of the third and last stage of bacterial cell wall synthesis. Cell lysis is then mediated by bacterial cell wall autolytic enzymes like autolysins; it’s possible that cefixime interferes with an autolysin inhibitor. Side Effects Serious side Effects Include bloody or watery diarrhea, dizziness, pain or trouble passing urine or change in the amount of urine, seizures, unusually weak or tired, allergies like a rash, itch or hives, swelling of the face, lips, or tongue, problem breathing or wheezy, fever, redness, blistering, peeling or loosening of the skin, including within the mouth, uncommon bleeding or bruising, yellowing of the eyes or skin. Less serious side effects that sometimes don’t need medical attention include; nausea, vomiting, headache, diarrhea, abdomen pain, upset, or gas, genital or anal irritation Use In Pregnancy & Breast-Feeding: Studies are performed in mice and rats at doses up to 400 times above human dose and result in no proof of impaired fertility or harm to the fetus as a result of cefixime. There are not any adequate and well control studies in pregnant women and nursing mothers available. Cefixime mustn’t be in pregnant women and nursing mothers unless considered essential by the physicians. Dosage Information The suggested adult dose for otitis media, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, and urinary tract infections is 400 mg once daily or divided and given as 200 mg every 12 hours. pediatric patients (6 months and older) have a suggested dose of 8 mg/kg/day once daily or in 2 doses of 4/mg/kg each 12 hours. To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of Cefixime and other antibacterial drugs, Cefixime ought to be used only to treat infections that are tested or strongly suspected to be caused by susceptible bacteria. when culture and susceptibility info is available, they ought to be considered in choosing or modifying antimicrobial therapy. in the absence of such information, local epidemiology and susceptibility patterns might contribute to the empiric choice of therapy. Related Article: Clindamycin: Uses, Side Effects, Dosage

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Important information About Vigabatrin

Vigabatrin Uses: Vigabatrin is an analogue of gamma aminobutayric acid and  belongs to a group of drugs known as anticonvulsant drugs but it is chemically unrelated to other anticonvulsant drugs.It can be prescribed in combination with other drugs for focal epilepsy with or without secondary generalization.It is also used in partial seizures and as a monotherapy in the treatment of infantile spasm in west’s syndrome. Pharmacokinetics: Vigabatrin half life is approximately 6-8 hours but considerable evidence suggest that pharmacodynamic activity of the drug is more prolonged and not well correlated with the plasma half life. Mechansim Of Action: Vigabatrin inhibits irreversibly the enzyme GABA aminotransferase ( enzyme causing metabolism of GABA),Thus, increasing the concentration of GABA at its synapses. It may also work by suppressing repetitive neuronal firing through blocking of voltage-sensitive sodium channels. Side Effects: More common Side effects of Vigabatrin include drowsiness,dizziness, weight gain while less common side effects include confusion, agitation and psychosis.Its prolonged administration may cause visual field defects in about 1/3rd of persons.Due to this adverse effect it is rarely used currently.This drug was delayed in its world wide introduction by the appearance of a reversable intramyelinic edema in the rats and dogs. Cautions: Caution should to be taken in elderly( Closely monitor neurological function), avoid sudden withdrawal, in depression, absence seizure, history of psychosis, and it is also contraindicated in visual field defects.Avoid Vigabatarin if you are allergic to this drug or any other part of this drug. Pregnancy: Vigabatrin is The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Pregnancy Category C drugs , known to cause birth defects in animals, and suspected to be able to produce birth defects in people. Talk to your doctor or another health professional if you are pregnant or plan to become pregnant. Dose: Initially 1 g per day in a single dose or 2 divided doses then increased according to response in step of 500 mg at weekly intervals.usual range 2-3g per day not more than 3 g daily. Dose for Child initially 40mg/kg body weight over 35 kg ,maximum  1 g) daily in a single dose or divided doses.then adjusted according to response .usual maintenance dose for body weight 10-15kg , 0.5-1g per day.body weight 15-30kg ,1-1.5g per day.body weight 30-50kg ,1.5g per day body wirght over 50kg,2-3g per day. Dose for infantile spasm mono-therapy 50mg/kg,adjusted according to response  over 7 days, increase dose upto 150 mg if tolerated.

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