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A new type of antibiotic that kills the superbugs of the hospital has been developed by scientists. The discovery occurs when scientists raise the alarm about a global increase in antibiotic resistance caused by excessive prescription of common antibiotics. The innovative drug by researchers at Brown University could be one of a new set of compounds that they hope will treat the dangerous infection in humans with equal success. Scientists have discovered a new class of antibiotics that can kill methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in mice. The drugs, which are called synthetic retinoid antibiotics that belong to the same family of compounds such as vitamin A. A study published in the March 28, the researchers modified the retinoids, their ability to attack MRSA to reduce the minimum, while maintaining its Minimizes toxicity. “The molecule weakens the cell membranes of bacteria, but human cells also have membranes,” study coauthor William Wuest, a chemist at Emory University, says in a statement. “We found a way to tweak the molecule so that it now selectively targets bacteria.” Under the emerging crisis of antibiotic resistance and the development of “multi-drug resistant superbugs,” the task of finding new classes of compounds to combat them becomes increasingly critical. According to a 2010 study, researchers have identified more than 4,000 natural and synthetic retinoids. Wuest and his colleagues tested 82,000 synthetic compounds with one assay and found two, CD437 and CD1530, kill the MRSA cells by disrupting the lipid bilayers in their cell membranes. It is important to note that the compounds not only destroy the growing cells, but also the so-called “persistent” cells, that is, those that have become inactive and often develop resistance to antibiotics. “We are very optimistic about the way these compounds function,” study coauthor Eleftherios Mylonakis, a molecular microbiologist at Brown University, tells Forbes.  By striking at the membrane, the drugs are attacking “a very finely tuned part of the bacteria which is very susceptible to targeting by drugs,” he adds. The researchers also combined CD437 with gentamicin, a commonly used antibiotic, and used it successfully to treat mice infected with MRSA. The bacteria did not develop drug resistance even after 100 days of treatment. These latest drug candidates have been identified in collaboration with doctors, geneticists, physicists, engineers and chemists at Brown, Harvard and Emory University. Mylonakis said: “Since the discovery of antimicrobial drugs is happening mostly in the academic world, individual laboratories can not perform all the components of this complex work. Therefore collaborations are absolutely necessary.

Pharmacist Education Requirements  To be a Registered Pharmacist You need to Earn A degree which is called Doctor of Pharmacy.Following are some of the Pharmacist Education Requirements: Atleast First Division in Higher secondary School. There are other Pharmacist Education Requirements Like Your Original Attested Documents, Affidavit, CNIC Card etc. You will have to Pass Entrance Exam of the specific university Or Pharmacy School before admission. All pharmacists must earn a Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm.D.) from an accredited school in order to practice. Courses in your studies will include Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy, Biopharmaceutics, Biostatistics, Pharmaceutical Calculations, Physical Chemistry, Immunopharmacology, Applied Drug Information and anatomy. Most students have three years of college experience or a bachelor’s degree upon entering pharmacy school but Doctor Of Pharmacy Is a 5 years Degree. To Practice Pharmacy You have to Obtain a Licence and To obtain a license, you must successfully complete an accredited Pharm.D. program and pass the specific Exam of that state or Country. Pharmacy is the science and technology of drug manufacturing and dispensing. It is a health profession that combines health sciences with the chemical sciences and aims to ensure the safe and effective use of medicines. The scope of the pharmaceutical practice includes more traditional functions such as the composition and dispensing of medicinal products and also includes modern services related to medical care, including clinical services, the review of drugs for safety and efficacy, and the provision of information about medications. Pharmacists are therefore experts in pharmacotherapy and the leading health experts who optimize the use of medicines for the benefit of patients. Pharmacists have extensive knowledge of prescription drugs, how they work, how they are taken, how they affect people, and how they interact with other medicines. Pharmacists fill prescriptions, check orders and all related information to ensure accuracy. It informs patients about how and when to take a prescribed medication and explains possible contraindications and side effects. In addition, it advises patients on general health issues such as diet, exercise and stress management as well as the right equipment and care to improve their health.

Mesothelioma is a rare type of aggressive cancer that affects the lining of the lungs, heart or abdomen. This type of known cancer develops from the thin layer of tissue that many of the internal organs covered (such as the mesothelium.) First, by inhaling asbestos fibers, mesothelioma is diagnosed in older people more often associated with the Asbestos products in an industrial environment. According to a report from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) of 2017, 2,400 to 2,800 people in the United States are diagnosed with this disease each year. People who have worked or have been exposed to asbestos have the highest risk of developing mesothelioma. After exposure to asbestos, the symptoms of mesothelioma may take 20 to 50 years to appear. In 2015, approximately 60,800 people had mesothelioma and 32,000 died from the disease. The incidence of this disease varies in different parts of the world. In Australia, the United Kingdom, numbers are higher and lower in Japan. In the United States, it occurs in approximately 3,000 people per year. It is more common in men than in women. Disease rates have increased since the 1950s. Diagnosis usually occurs after age 65 and most deaths occur around age 70. The disease was rare before the commercial use of asbestos. Types of Mesthelioma: There are three main types, each type is classified by the location in the body where it is developed. The prognosis, symptoms, and treatment options vary by type. Pleural mesothelioma This is the most common type and develops in the soft tissues of the lungs and is best treated with a multimodal approach. Peritoneal mesothelioma It is the second most common type and occurs in less than 20 percent of all cases. It forms in the lining around the abdomen. Treatment Works best with a combination of surgery and heated chemotherapy. Pericardial mesothelioma It is one of the rarest types and is formed in the soft tissues around the heart. It is best managed with a multimodal approach Causes of mesothelioma: Asbestos is the only major cause of mesothelioma. Asbestos is a natural mineral that was once highly prized for its insulating and fire retardant properties. Asbestos can be found in common industrial materials such as paint, floors and ceilings, electrical writing, pipe material, brake pads and insulation. While people work in mining, firefighters, construction workers, demolition workers, mechanics, machinists, Pipefitters, shipyard workers, boiler workers are at high risk. Mechanism When asbestos is altered, the fibers are transported in the air and can be swallowed or inhaled, eventually deposited in the sensitive lining of the lung, stomach or heart. The fibers cause irritation and scars that can mutate and inhibit the body’s defenses. Finally, this scar tissue can develop into tumor growth. As they are inhaled or ingested, asbestos fibers are deposited in the linings of the lungs, abdomen or heart and, over time, can cause tumors. In rare cases, a single exposure is enough to cause mesothelioma. Signs and symptoms of mesothelioma: The signs and symptoms can usually be slow. These include Shortness of breath due to fluid around the lungs Fever and night sweats A swollen belly, The pain of the chest wall, Cough, Weakness in muscles Feeling tired, and Weight loss. Malignant type is extremely aggressive and has a long latency period, which means that it is usually not detected until the cancer reaches an advanced stage. This can not be cured. However, the prognosis for mesothelioma has improved slowly over the years. This improvement in prognosis is due to the development of experimental treatments, new detection and diagnostic techniques, and other areas of research in clinical trials. Diagnosis of Mesothelioma Treatment varies from therapeutic nihilism to radical combination modalities. Although the disease and its management have a great impact on the social, emotional and physical well-being of patients and their families, support and palliative care pathways seem to be underdeveloped. Biopsy A biopsy, a procedure to remove a small piece of tissue for a laboratory test, is the only way to determine if you have mesothelioma. Depending on which area of ​​your body is affected, your doctor will choose the right biopsy procedure for you. The options include: Fine needle aspiration Thoracoscopy Laparoscopy Thoracotomy Laparotomy The tissue sample is analyzed under a microscope to see if the abnormal tissue is mesothelioma and what types of cells are involved. The type of mesothelioma you have determines your treatment plan. Mesothelioma Treatment  Unfortunately, mesothelioma can be very difficult to treat, as it is often found when it is advanced. Almost all treatments aim to control mesothelioma for as long as possible and keep your symptoms under control. Some people with early stage have surgery. This is followed by chemotherapy or radiation therapy or a combination of both. People with advanced stages can receive chemotherapy to reduce it and reduce symptoms. Chemotherapy can help some people live for weeks or months longer. Radiation therapy can also reduce the size of the cancer and control its symptoms.

A cancer vaccine that cured 97 percent of blood tumors in mice will be tested later this year in people with low-grade lymphoma. Patients who receive the vaccine containing two drugs that have been tested for safety do not need chemo and the side effects of the vaccine are likely to be just fever and injection site pain. If approved, the researchers do not expect the treatment to be available for another year or two. Instead of producing permanent immunity, jab activates the immune system to attack tumors. This is expected to be effective in low-grade lymphomas that affect certain white blood cells and are generally responsive to treatment because unlike other forms of the disease, such as colon cancer, they are often detected by the immune system. , About 1.7 million new people get cancer every year in the US. The senior author, Dr. Ronald Levy of Stanford University said: ‘We have a huge problem in cancer and we will never be satisfied until we find solutions for everyone.’ The vaccine is being analyzed in two studies. A total of 35 patients with lymphoma will participate in the studies. Each participant will receive a low dose of radiation for six weeks along with two vaccinations. Further details, such as the time between vaccinations, are not clear. A similar targeting approach for the types of leukemia and lymphoma has already been approved. This involves the removal of immune cells from the body of patients and their genetic engineering to attack the tumors before reintroduction. This treatment, known as CAR-T, costs about half a million dollars per patient and can cause fever, confusion, organ failure and dysfunction of the immune system. The cancer specialist Dr. Michelle Hermiston of the University of California at San Francisco said, “It’s not a trivial therapy.” She adds that research needs to be done to determine if tumors can be manipulated to better respond to the immune system. Dr. Hermiston said, “Can we make the tumor more visible to the immune system? We are now on the tip of the iceberg. The researchers implanted two identical tumors at different sites in the body of the mice. One of these tumors has been injected with the vaccine, which triggers the activation of T cells that elicit an immune response against invading substances, such as viruses, in the bodies of animals. The degree of response was measured by the effect of jab on the untreated tumor. The results indicate that the vaccine cures several cancers and prevents the disease from developing. The results were published in the journal Science Translational Medicine. This comes after the research, published in January of this year, has suggested that a cancer drug be developed that could stop the disease. The anonymous medication is directed to a specific enzyme that promotes the spread of tumors. This is done by connecting the membrane of cells that multiply rapidly, a study found. This abducts the “survival mechanism” of cancer and prevents tumors from attaching to the protein they need to thrive. It is not clear when the drug will be available. The cancer drug binds to the membrane protein of cancer cells, known as dehydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH). The researchers analyzed how fats, which are the building blocks of cell membranes, and drugs bind to DHODH. Dr. Erik Marklund of Uppsala University said: “Our simulations show that the enzyme uses a few lipids as anchors in the membrane. “When it binds to these lipids, a small portion of the enzyme is folded into an adapter that allows the enzyme to lift its natural substrate [the substance on which an enzyme acts] outside the membrane. “It seems the drug uses the same mechanism because it joins in the same place.” The author of the study, Sir David Lane of the Karolinska Institute in Sweden, added: “The study helps to explain why some drugs bind differently than isolated proteins and proteins found in cells. “By studying the structures and mechanisms that are typical of cancer targets, it may be possible to use their most distinctive features to develop new, more selective therapies.”

GSK buys out Novartis in $13 billion consumer healthcare shake-up and takes full control of products such as Sensodyne toothpaste, Panadol, Headache, Muskelgel -Voltaren and Nicotinell- pavement. GSK’s biggest step since the acquisition of Emma Walmsley last year, the decision of the British pharmaceutical company, the deal with Pfizer to sell, thereby endangering an auction of the American company took up to 20 billion of dollars. Consumer drugs sold without a prescription have lower margins than prescription drugs, but brands are generally known to customers. “The proposed transaction addresses one of our key capital allocation priorities and will allow GSK shareholders to capture the full value of one of the world’s leading consumer healthcare businesses,” Walmsley said in a statement on Tuesday. Although some pharmaceutical groups are willing to keep the products so that consumers have a more intense price competition online, led mainly by Amazon (AMZN.O), as well as cheaper brand products to that other place doubts about their returns stable in the long term. Shares of the British company rose 6.1 percent, surpassing the STOXX Europe 600 Health Care .SXDP by 2 percent. GSK said that not only will the Novartis project finish, but also launch a strategic review of Horlicks and other products for the consumers’ diet, which could lead to a possible new restructuring of the industry. The review includes an assessment of the majority stake in the list in India GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare. “The decision not to pay up for Pfizer’s consumer assets will have led GSK CEO Emma Walmsley to remove uncertainty by bringing all the consumer revenues in-house and assisting toward efficient capital allocation,” said Ketan Patel, co-manager of the Amity UK Fund at EdenTree Investment Management, who holds GSK shares. Long-term investors will welcome the greater clarity provided by these two companies. GSK said the purchase would boost adjusted earnings and cash flows. And the bidding by GSK for its consumer clinical nutrition brands – with a regional focus on India – could divert attention from Merck’s fortunes, which rely heavily on the sale of vitamins and nutritional supplements in emerging markets. Novartis said the money will be used by Novartis to expand its business both organically and through acquisitions. In an interview before the announcement of the operation Narasimhan ruled out large acquisitions of the Basel company. According to the agreement, starting in 2014 to pool their consumption capacity, Novartis has the right to start its 36.5 percent stake this month, to Glaxo to sell. The transaction will be completed in the second quarter, subject to the necessary approvals.  

Researchers say they have been able to simplify and synthesize a form of teixobactin to successfully treat a bacterial infection in mice. They say that this synthetic form is so powerful at killing “super-bacteria” as teixobactin in its natural state.The study is published in the Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. In a “breakthrough”  scientists say they have successfully tested an antibiotic that can kill off drug-resistant bacteria. This could lead to the first new class of antibiotics in 30 years. Last fall, researchers at the University of Lincoln announced that they had successfully produced two synthetic versions of the naturally occurring antibiotic, teixobactin. First discovered in 2015, this was of course proven to be resistant to pathogens resistant to antibiotics such as MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) and VRE (vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus). By replacing key amino acids at certain sites in the structure of the antibiotic, scientists have reduced the development time from 30 hours to just 10 minutes. This rapid change could exploit the effects of the antibiotic and enable commercial production. This comes at a time when antimicrobial resistance (AMR) – or “superbugs” – continues to increase. Worldwide, an estimated 700,000 people die each year after becoming infected with resistant bacteria. By the year 2050, it is estimated that up to 10 million people worldwide will die from superbug infections. The drugs are ineffective and infections persist as microorganisms (including bacteria, fungi, viruses and parasites) change when exposed to antimicrobial agents (such as antibiotics, antifungals, antivirals, antimalarials and anthelmintics). Last year, a Nevada woman died of an incurable infection with Klebsiella pneumoniae, which was resistant to the 26 antibiotics available in the US. Researchers say finding new treatments is an “important field of study” when others are not effective. “We need sophisticated armor to combat antibiotic-resistant pathogens,” said Dr Lakshminarayanan Rajamani from the Singapore Eye Research Institute in a statement.“Drugs that target the basic mechanism of bacterial survival and also reduce the host’s inflammatory response are the order of the day.” It is important to remember that the treatment was only successful in mice and that there is a lot of work to do to get them to your local pharmacy. However, the team says it offers “first proof” that a simplified version could be used to treat true bacterial infections and is a step towards a commercially viable version of drugs. “A significant amount of work remains in the development of teixobactin as a therapeutic antibiotic for human use – we are probably around six to 10 years off a drug that doctors can prescribe to patients – but this is a real step in the right direction and now opens the door for improving our in vivo analogues,” said Dr Ishwar Singh from the University of Lincoln’s School of Pharmacy. The team says it will continue to develop a library of synthetic versions of Teixobactin to further develop simpler synthetic versions that can be used in a diverse number of applications,

Scientists have identified a new human organ hidden from view and hope it can help them understand the spread of cancer in the body. Layers that can last a long time so that dense connective tissue are actually a series of compartments filled with fluid, the researchers call it “interstitial space.” These compartments are located under the skin and lining the gut, lungs, blood vessels and muscles, and join together to form a network supported by a mesh of strong, flexible proteins. A new analysis, published in Scientific Reports, is the first, collectively identifying these areas as a new organ and trying to understand their function. Surprisingly, the interstitial had previously gone unnoticed, even though it was one of the largest organs in the human body. The team behind the discovery suggests that the compartments can act as “shock absorbers” that protect the body’s tissues from damage. Mount Sinai Beth Israel Medical Centermedics Dr David Carr-Locke and Dr Petros Benias found the interstitium in a patient’s bile duct and looked for signs of cancer. They recognized cavities that did not coincide with any previously known human anatomy and went to the pathologist at the University of New York. Neil Theise, to request your experience. Researchers realized that conventional methods for the study of body tissues have lost the interstitial because the “fixation” of mounting slides of medical fluid drain includes the method and thus destroys the structure of the organ. Instead of their true identity as in the whole body, buffers filled with liquid bruised cells had been overlooked and were considered simple connective tissue. This is the conclusion, scientists have realized that this structure is found not only in the bile duct, but also in many important internal organs. “This fixation artefact of collapse has made a fluid-filled tissue type throughout the body appear solid in biopsy slides for decades, and our results correct for this to expand the anatomy of most tissues,” said Dr Theise. By freezing the biopsy tissue of the bile ducts of 12 additional patients, the team could obtain the anatomy of their newly discovered structure. They realized that film drains into the lymphatic system – the network of lymphatic vessels that are involved in the body’s immune response. In addition to their ability to buffer body organs and protect against damage, the researchers found evidence that cancer cells from tumors through the interstitial space could enter the lymphatic system. In providing a road in which fluid can move around the body, the interconnected cells of the interstitium, therefore, can have the unfortunate side effect of cancer spread throughout the body. “This finding has potential to drive dramatic advances in medicine, including the possibility that the direct sampling of interstitial fluid may become a powerful diagnostic tool,” said Dr Theise. Understanding this newly discovered limit in human anatomy could allow scientists to develop new tests for cancer.