Pharmacology

Antacid:Reduce production of hydrochloric acid in the stomach. Antianemics: Increase the production of red blood cells. Anticholinergic :Decrease Oral Secretion. Antirheumatics :Antirheumatics include drugs, which are used to treat the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis Anticoagulants: Prevent the formation of clot. Antitussives:Antitussives are medicines that suppress coughing, Anticonvulsant :Management of Seizure and Bipolar disorder. Antidiarrheal :Reduce water in bowels and gastric motility. Antihistamine:Block the release of Histamine. Proton Pump Inhibitors:Used for stomach ulcer. Antihypertensive:Decrease Blood Pressure. Anti-infective :To get rid of infections. Bronchiodilators:Dilate bronchi and bronchioles. Diuretics:Increas excretion of water and sodium. Laxatives:Loosen stool and increase bowel movement. Miotics:Constricts pupils of eye Mitotic:Dilates Pupils. Norcotic/Analgesics:Pain Relievers. NSAIDs:Non Steriodal anti inflammatory drugs :Used in Pain and inflammations. Probiotics:Probiotics are live bacteria and yeasts that are beneficial for health. They are often referred to as ‘good’, ‘helpful’ or ‘healthy’ bacteria. ACE inhibitors:ACE inhibitor blocks the angiotensin-converting-enzyme from converting angiotensin I to angiotensin II. Anthelmintics: are a type of medicine that kills helminths. Helminths are worm-like parasites such as flukes, roundworms, and tapeworms. Antidiabetic :Antidiabetic agents refer to all the different types of medicine involved in the treatment of diabetes. Antidotes:An antidote is a drug, chelating substance, or a chemical that counteracts (neutralizes) the effects of another drug or a poison. Antifungal:Antifungal agents are also called antimycotic agents. They kill or inactivate fungi and are used to treat fungal infections (including yeast infections). Contraceptives are the medicines and other devices that are used to prevent unwanted pregnancy. Decongestants are medicines that relieve congestion by reducing swelling, inflammation and mucus formation. H2 antagonist:H2 antagonists block histamine-induced gastric acid secretion from the parietal cells of the gastric mucosa (lining of the stomach).

Diuretics Diuretics are Substances or drugs that are used to enhance or to modulate or to potentiate diuresis.OR Any agents or drugs that increase the volume of urine and any agents that increase the excretion of sodium (Na+) in the urine is called natriuretic or diuretics. Classification: (1)Thiazides diuretics chlorothiazide chlorthalidone indapamide hydrochlorothiazide methyclothiazide metolazone (2)Loop diuretics bumetanide furosemide ethacrynate torsemide (3)Potassium-sparing diuretics Amiloride hydrochloride spironolactone triamterene (4)Carbonic Anhydrase inhibitors: Acetazolamide Methazolamide. Furosemide: Also known as frusemide. Therapeutic Category: It is one of the loop diuretics One of the antihypertensive Drug of choice in pulmonary edema Drug of choice in generalized edema (Oedema related to myocardial infarction and Oedema related to liver cirrhosis. DOSAGE FORM & STRENGTHS: It is available in solution,tablets as well as injectable form Solution: 8,10 mg/ml Tablet:20 mg,40mg,80mg Injections:10 mg/ml,2ml. Commercial Product and Trade names: Frusemix 40mg (Abbot) Losix 20,40 mg (Aventus) Pharmacokinetics: After oral administration absorption is satisfying, more the  40-60% of the drug have absorption capability. The onset of action: In the case of solid dosage form, its onset of action is 30-60 minutes. Peak effect is 1-2 hours Time half: (T1/2) Almost 1 hour Protein Binding-More then  80% of the drug have the protien binding ability. Mechanism of action: As for the mechanism of action is a concern it is restricted to the loop of Henle and distilled part. it blocks Na-K+2cl- Cotransporter. Overall the drug is responsible to reinhabit the absorption of Na+, Cl-, Mg+ while on the other side responsible for excretion of H+and K+ ions by tubular secretions overall effect is reabsorption of various ions net result will decrease plasma volume, in other words, we can say it decreases peripheral resistance,venous return to heart, decrease diastolic blood pressure,so obviously there will decrease heart rate, cardiac output, and decrease systolic blood pressure.so loop diuretic has the ability to decrease diastolic blood pressure by direct pathway while systolic blood pressure by indirect pathway. Indications: 1)Acute pulmonary Oedema: It  is most commonly related to lung directly related to deoxygenated blood ,specially in condition like if a person is suffering from congestion of lungs so on one side it increases the quantity of deoxygenated blood towards lungs while on another side due to congestion leads to increase permeability at the level of endothelial cell so liquid portion will ooze out towards interstitial area which is responsible for pulmonary edema. By taking the support of loop diuretic peripheral resistance and venous return will decrease. this lead to decrease workload on the heart obviously the contractility of the heart will be decreased which in turn will decrease transportation toward lungs. 2)Generalized Oedema. Loop diuretic specially frusemide use in the generalized type of edema relating to some pathological conditions like CHF, tachycardia, and liver cirrhosis. 3)Hyperkalemia. Loop diuretic is used in hyperkalemia because it blocks Na-K+2cl- Cotransporter and block K+(Potassium) to go to the blood so potassium level in blood decreases. 4)Hypertension: Loop diuretic is used in hypertension in aged candidates while taking the support of strips management protocol for hypertension.also used to decrease Na+ intake,  Decrease alcohol consumption especially in pregnancy. Also used in hypermagnesemia and hypernatremia. Adverse effects:(ADR) Hypokalemia Hyperuricemia Hypocalcemia Hypomagnesemia Hyponatremia Systemic alkalosis Orthostatic hypotension Osteoporosis if used for a long time. Precautionary measurement: 1)Monitor for possible occurrence of blood dyscrasia and liver damage, monitor urine and blood pressure in diabetes. 2)Frequently monitor serum electrolyte 3)In case of lactating mother it crosses and excreted in milk so can affect the child. 4)In case of children may increase the incidence of patent ductus arteriosis in premature infant especially with respiratory distress. 5)Persons Showing hypersensitivity reactions towards sulphonamide can show allergic reaction to frusemide. 6)Renal function: If increasing azotemia and oliguria occur during treatment abruptly discontinue the drug. Drug interactions: 1)Interaction of other antihypertensive drugs with frusemide increase the effects of frusemide. If used with other antihypertensive agents then reduces the dose by at least 50%. 2)Frusemide Increase plasma lithium level and cause toxicity. 3)NSAIDs Decrease the effects of frusemide 4)Phenytoin may reduce the diuretic effect of frusemide. 4)Interaction of frusemide with thiazide diuretic can show the synergistic effect that may result in profound diuresis and serious electrolyte abnormalities.

First And Most important Thing Is What are Mnemonics And why We Use It ? Basically mnemonics are the techniques and methods that help recall and easily memorise you Large peice of information,in the form of lists ,steps ,stages and memorable words etc. HOW TO MAKE MNEMONICS ? Making mnemonic is not a difficult task infact its  very easy to make mnemonics.First of all try to Pick every first word of uses or side effects etc combine that words in such a way to make a new and memorable word that is easily understandable . Following are some of the Pharmacology Mnemonics /Pharmacology made easy Which Will help you In exams . Pharmacology Mnemonics / Pharmacology made easy 1)Antidiarrheal Drugs Remember (A  COOBRA) A.ALPHA 2 AGONIST (CLONIDINE) A.ABSORBENT KAOLIN AND PECTIN) C.CHARCOAL :PHYSICALLY ACTING AGENT O.OCTREOTIDE:SOMATOSTATIN O.OPIOID AGONIST : DIPHENOXYLATE +LOPERAMIDE+DIPHENOXIN B.BISMUTH COMPOUND :BISMUTH SUBSALICYLATE R.RESIN (BILE ACID BINDING RESIN):CHOLESTTRAMINE A.ANTICHOLINERGIC :PROPATHELINE +ATROPINE 2)Migraine : Treatment Drugs Remember This Sentence And Pick Every First Word “Pharmacotherapeutic Agents are Very Volatile  For Migraine Prophylaxis”: P:  PIZOTIFEN A:  AMITRIPTYLINE V:  VERAPAMIL V:  VALPROIC ACID F:  FLUNARIZINE M: METHYSERGIDE P: PROPRANOLOL 3)Asthma Treatment Don’t Forget ASTHMAA A.ALBUTEROL AND TERBUTALINE S.SALMETEROL AND FORMOTEROL S.STEROIDS:BECLOMETHASONE T.THEOPHYLINE  (METHYLXANTHINES) H.HISTAMINE RELEASE BLOCKERS LIKE CROMOLYN M.MUSCARINIC ANTAGONIST ; IPRATROPIUM A.ANTILEUKOTRIENES LIKE MONTELUKAST ETC A.ANTI IGE LIKE OMALIZUMAB   4) Beneficial effects of inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis i.e. paracetamol and NSAIDs Just Don’t Forget  (5 A’s) A: ANALGESIA A: ANTIPYRETIC A: ANTI-INFLAMMATORY A: ANTITHROMBOTIC A: ARTERIOSUS (NSAIDS FOR CLOSURE OF PATENT DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS) 5) RTI: drugs to treat viral respiratory infections “ REMEMBER RAO: R: RIMANTADINE A: AMANTADINE O: OSELTAMIVIR 6)Medication administration: short checklist TRAMP: BEFORE DISPENSING MEDICATION, ENSURE HAVE CORRECT: T: TIME R: ROUTE A: AMOUNT M: MEDICATION P: PATIENT 7)Drugs that increase warfarin (O DEVICES) O: OMEPRAZOLE D: DISULFIRAM E: ERYTHROMYCIN V: VALPROATE I: ISONIAZID C: CIPROFLOXACIN AND CIMETIDINE E: ETHANOL (ACUTELY) S: SULPHONAMIDES 8)DRUGS THAT DECREASE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF WARFARIN (BRAS PC) B: BARBITURATES R: RIFAMPICIN A: ALCOHOL (CHRONIC USE) S: SULPHONYLUREAS P: PHENYTOIN C: CARBAMAZEPINE 9)Cocaine: cardiovascular effect COcaine causes blood vessels to COnstrict (other local anesthetics which cause vasodilation). 10)CARBAMAZEPINE : INDICATIONS CBZ: C: CRANIAL NERVE V (TRIGEMINAL) NEURALGIA B: BIPOLAR DISORDER Z: ZEISURES (SEIZURES) 11)Sulfonamides: common characteristics SULFA: S: STEVEN-JOHNSON SYNDROME/ SKIN RASH / SOLUBILITY LOW U: URINE PRECIPITATION/ USEFUL FOR UTI L: LARGE SPECTRUM (GRAM POSITIVES AND NEGATIVES) F: FOLIC ACIDS SYNTHESIS BLOCKER (AS WELL AS SYNTHESIS OF NUCLEIC ACIDS) A: ANALOG OF PABA 12)TRICYCLIC ANTIDIPRESSENTS (TCA): SIDE EFFECTS  Remember CAT”S C: CARDIAC (ARRHYTHMIA, MI, STROKE) A: ANTICHOLINERGIC (TACHYCARDIA, URINARY RETENTION, ETC) T: THROMBOCYTOPENIA S: SEIZURES 13)BACTERIOCIDAL ANTIBIOTICS : Remember this sentence PENICILLINS & CEPHALOSPORINS ARE VERY CIDAL FOR MICROBES  P.PENICILLINS C.CEPHALOSPORINS A.AMINOGLYCOSIDE V.VANCOMYCIN F.FLUOROQUINOLONES M.METRONIDAZOLE 14)Peptic Ulcer Treatment PEPTIC ULCER P.PROTON PUMP INHIBITORS LIKE OMEPRAZOLE,ESO,LANSOPRAZOLE E.E1 ANALOGUES LIKE MISOPROSTOL P.PATHOGEN (H.PYLORI)ERADICATORS LIKE METRONIDAZOLE,AMOXICILLIN AND TETRACYCLINE ETC T.TIDINE (H2 BLOCKERS) LIKE RANITIDINE ,FAMOTIDINE AND NIZATIDINE I.INTESTINAL ANTACIDS LIKE MG(OH)2NAHCO3 AND AL(OH)3CACO3 C.CHOLINERGIC ANTAGONIST LIKE PIRENZIPINE C.COLLIODAL BISMUT AND SUCRALFATE . 15) Vitamin B3 Deficiency Pellagra 3D of pellagra D.DEMENTIA D.DERMATITS D.DIARHEA 16) Supra ventricular Tachycardia Treatment Remember ABCDE A.ADENOSINE B.BETA BLOCKERS C.CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS D.DIGOXIN E.EXCITATION (VAGAL STIMULATION) 17)Drugs Used In Gout: Remember GOUT G.GLUCOCORTICOIDS OR NSAIDS O.OXIDASE INHIBITORS :ALLOPURINOL U.URICOSURICS :PROBENCID T.TUBULIN (MICROTUBULES)INHIBITORS:COLCHICINE 18)Anti TB Drugs First Line Drugs Remember RIPE R.RIFAMPICIN I.ISONIAZID P.PYRAZINAMIDE E.ETHAMBUTOL 19) QUINOLONE & FLUOROQUINOLONES DRUGS Remember (N  COLM) N.NALIDIX ACID C.CIPROFLOXACIN O.OFLOXACIN L.LEVOFLOXACIN M.MOXIFLOXACIN 20) SIDE EFFECTS OF BETA BLOCKERS Remember All agents of this group End With OLOL CHF GIT DISTURBANCES BRADYCARDIA DEPRESSION LETHARGY 21) CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS REMEMBER VERY NICE DRUGS V.VERAPAMIL N.NIFEDEPINE D.DILTIAZEM Keep Visiting Our Site We Will Upload More Such Pharmacology Mnemonics and topics likes Pharmacology made easy .Don’t Forget To Share