Ciplox (Ciprofloxacin): Uses, Side Effects, Dosage

Ciprofloxacin  (Brand Name: Ciplox)belongs to a group of broad-spectrum antimicrobial drugs known as fluoroquinolones.

It is the most active second generation fluoroquinolone against a wide range of bacteria that are susceptible to Gram-negative aerobic rods, especially the Enterobacteriaceae Neisseria.

Ciplox is manufactured by Cipla Ltd.

Ciplox Uses

Ciprofloxacin (Ciplox) works against a variety of infections, some of which are difficult to treat. Due to its broad spectrum, its oral effectiveness and its good tolerability, it is often used to treat infections, but should not be used for minor infections. or anaerobes are mainly causative. in severe cases, treatment by intravenous infusion may be initiated, then continue with the oral. Ciplox is used to treat bacterial infections, for example:

  • Urinary tract infections (UTIs) caused by certain bacteria such as E. coli.
  • Cervical and urethral gonorrhea due to Neisseria gonorrhoeae
  • Skin infections
  • Bone infections
  • Typhoid
  • Joint infections
  • Uncomplicated acute cystitis
  • Chronic bacterial prostatitis
  • Meningitis
  • Pulmonary or respiratory tract infections, for example, tuberculosis, lower respiratory tract infections, and chronic bronchitis) Pneumonia and sepsis caused by Yersinia pestis (Y. pestis).
  • Infectious diarrhea caused by E. coli, Campylobacter jejuni, and Shigella.
  • Prophylaxis of infections in neutropenic / cancer patients and other sensitive patients.
  • Patients with anthrax with fever and low white blood cell count as well as intra-abdominal infections.

Ciprofloxacin (Ciplox) is effective against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis.It is active against susceptible strains of Staphylococcus aureus and is not effective against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

Ciprofloxacin (Ciplox) has a very good activity against gram-negative bacteria, but enterococci, Streptococcus group A, B, D and streptococcal viridans with moderate susceptibility to ciprofloxacin.

Mechanism of action Of Ciprofloxacin (Ciplox)

Ciprofloxacin (Ciplox) inhibits the synthesis of DNA in bacteria by inhibiting the bacterial topoisomerase enzyme DNA (DNA gyrase). This prevents relaxation of the supercoiled DNA and thus prevents normal transcription and replication in the body.

Fluoroquinolones also inhibit TopV topoisomerase, which is likely to prevent the separation of DNA replication in two daughter cells. In this way, ciprofloxacin prevents the division or multiplication of parent organisms.

Fluoroquinolone major mechanism of action is that they act on a group of enzymes called topoisomerases. But what actually happens inside the bacteria that kill it.We will answer that in-depth mechanism how normally topoisomerases work and what are they doing in bacteria and then we will explain what ciplox is doing with these bacteria.

Normal Function of Topoisomerases:

You know bacterial DNA is a double helix Circular chromosome. They are like other DNA which are twisted around each other but for Growth and replication of the cell we need to Separate these two strands because for growth of the cells we need to make proteins and to synthesize protein  we need to do transcription (which is a process of making RNA from DNA)and for that we have to first separate the double helix DNA.

Let’s suppose we open/separate a single strand. By separating it the separated parts will become loose but the tension will move to the periphery this is called positive supercoiled. But with the time as we separating double strand they become overtwisted and we can’t continue the process of transcription. so there a special enzyme that starts working here is called topoisomerases.

How is Topoisomerase Working?

Topoisomerases type 2 (DNA gyrase) are going to solve the problem of over twisting.Topoisomerase work on the overtwisted area of the DNA. This Enzyme has two functional domains, one domain is cutting the overtwisted DNA to relax it and the other domain is resealing it again. The first Domain is called nuclease domain while the other is called ligase domain. This is a normal mechanism of action of Topoisomerases.

How Ciplox Work ?

When we give the patient Ciprofloxacin (Ciplox) it enter into Bacteria by passive diffusion and approached Topoisomerases enzyme. They bind to DNA gyrase domain of the enzyme and block or inhibit it so the other domain (nuclease)  keep on cutting the overtwisted DNA but the Ligase point Can’t reseal it because of Ciprofloxacin and in the end all the bacteria divided into fragments and bacterial death occur. Therefore, it destroys the existing bacteria that are causing the infection, and it inhibits the growth of new bacteria.

Ciplox Pharmacokinetics

It is rapidly absorbed orally, but the diet delays the intake and first-pass metabolism occur. The key feature of ciprofloxacin is high tissue penetration. The concentration in the lungs, sputum, muscles, bones, prostate, and phagocytes exceeds that of the plasma. It is excreted mainly in the urine, both glomerular filtration and tubular secretion. Urinary and biliary concentrations are 10 to 50 times higher than those of plasma.

Ciplox in Pregnancy & Breast Feeding

Ciplox is contraindicated in pregnancy because ciprofloxacin has caused arthropathy in animal studies. However, to prevent a secondary case of meningococcal meningitis, a single dose of ciprofloxacin may be used.

Ciplox is not recommended for use in breastfeeding women unless absolutely necessary. Ask your doctor before using this drug.

Ciplox Side effects

Ciprofloxacin ( Ciplox ) has a good safety profile and side effects are present in only 10% of cases, but they are generally mild. Here are some of the side effects associated with the use of Ciplox.

  • Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea may occur.
  • Black or tarry stools
  • Ciprofloxacin may affect the clearance of theophylline and cause an increase in serum concentration.
  • White patches on the tongue and in the mouth.
  • Headaches, insomnia, dizziness, liver problems and rashes can sometimes occur.
  • Ciplox can cause tendonitis, which is a serious complication in adults and can cause tendon rupture. Although tendonitis occurs rarely (some cases have been reported), but is more common in elderly failure, renal failure, and renal failure in people with corticosteroids.
  • Skin / Hypersensitivity are rashes, itching, photosensitivity, swelling of the lips, urination, and swelling of the lips. Serious skin reactions are rare.
  • The use of ciprofloxacin (Ciplox) for long periods can lead to oral candidiasis or a new yeast infection such as white spots in the mouth, a change in vaginal discharge.

Ciprofloxacin Interaction

Some medicines may affect the action of ciprofloxacin (Ciplox), and ciprofloxacin may affect other medicines you ingest.

  • Many antacids, vitamins, and supplements containing magnesium, calcium, aluminum, iron or zinc can interfere with ciprofloxacin.
  • Other over-the-counter medicines, which include painkillers and fever medicines such as ibuprofen, naproxen, may also interact with ciprofloxacin.
  • Ciprofloxacin can increase the effects of caffeine.
  • If you are taking caffeine-containing drinks or over-the-counter medications that contain caffeine while you are taking ciprofloxacin, you may have some side effects of caffeine, such as nervousness, insomnia, or anxiety.
  • You may not be able to take Ciprofloxacin if you also take the drug Theophylline for the treatment of asthma and wheezing.
  • Severe reactions such as heart attack decreased the ability to breathe and seizures have occurred when people have taken these drugs together.

Other drugs that interact with ciprofloxacin (Ciplox) are:

  • Anticoagulants like warfarin.
  • Anticonvulsant drugs, including phenytoin.
  • Certain antidepressants and drugs for the treatment of mental illnesses, such as clozapine.
  • Caffeine-containing drugs
  • The immunosuppressant cyclosporine.
  • The muscle relaxant tizanidine
  • Diuretics (water pills)
  • Certain medications for an irregular heartbeat, such as amiodarone , disopyramide, and procainamide.
  • The drug for arthritis methotrexate.
  • A drug used to treat nausea, vomiting, heartburn, and reflux called metoclopramide.
  • Type 2 diabetes drug Glyburid.
  • Some nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen and naproxen.

Ciplox Dosage

  • The usual recommended dose for urinary tract infections in adults is 200 to 400 mg IV every 8 to 12 hours for 7 to 14 days, while the oral dose once 250 to 500 mg orally every 12 hours for 7 to 14 days.
  • The usual adult dose for a soft tissue infection or skin is 400 mg IV every 8 to 12 hours, and orally 500 to 750 mg orally every 12 hours for 7 to 14 days.
  • The usual adult dose for infectious diarrhea is 500 mg orally every 12 hours for 5-7 days.
  • The usual adult dose for pneumonia is 400 mg iv every 8 to 12 hours and the oral dose of 500 to 750 mg orally every 12 hours for 7 to 14 days.
  • The usual adult dose for joint infection is 400 mg iv every 8 to 12 hours and an oral dose of 500 to 750 mg orally every 12 hours for 4 to 8 weeks.
  • The usual adult dose for sinus infections is 400 mg IV every 12 hours and an oral dose of 500 mg orally every 12 hours for 10 days.
  • The usual adult dose for typhoid fever is 500 mg orally every 12 hours for 10 days.
  • The common adult dose for gonococcal infection – uncomplicated is 250 mg orally once.
  • The usual preoperative dose for surgical prophylaxis is 400 mg intravenously, starting within 120 minutes of the surgical incision.
  • The usual adult dose for Chancroid is 500 mg orally, twice daily for 3 days.
  • This medicine is not recommended for use in patients less than 1 year of age.

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